(2018). Lobbying has both negative and positive connotations. Therefore, we posit our first set of hypotheses as follows: Hospital lobbying increases employee salaries in NFP hospitals. A higher MCI indicates higher market competition, which may involve a higher human resource supply. But not accommodating this huge cost factor could very well drag out adoption, and that's something neither HHS nor ONC want to see happen. Excluded are hospitals not accessible by the general public, such as prison hospitals or college infirmaries. In the NFP (for-profit) subsample, the average net patient revenues and net incomes are $275 ($123) million and $19.5 ($10.3) million, respectively. We replace the continuous variables in Models (1)(3) with the changes in these variables.6 For example, _Uncomp is the difference between Uncomp in year t1 and year t, and _Lobby_exp is the difference between Lobby_exp in year t2 and year t1. We also find that the effects of lobbying on employee salaries, uncompensated care costs, and ROA are not significant in government hospitals. To request permission for commercial use, please contactus. 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Wang, Wan, Falk, and Goodwin (2001) find that urban hospitals incur higher labor cost; we predict that Urban is positively correlated with Salary. Because prior literature suggests that lobbying is an ongoing process (Chen et al. Teaching hospitals have to allocate some resources to teaching duties. Harmonizing Data to Achieve Excellence in Healthcare: Supply Chain Data is Key! I don't think they have a choice, frankly. It would be interesting to get the reaction of HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius and ONC head David Blumenthal, MD, to this requested change. Note that the ICU beds data is not published in AHA Hospital Statistics. System is defined by AHA as either a multihospital or a diversified single hospital system. Our study has several limitations that provide openings for future research. In the government subsample, the estimated coefficients 1 are insignificant, suggesting that hospital lobbying does not reduce uncompensated care costs in government hospitals. Second, lobbyists can actively communicate crucial information to government officials in order to influence or shape policies to fit hospital strategies and interests, and therefore help hospitals to maintain a competitive advantage (Chen, Parsley, and Yang 2015). 2015). We thank two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their comments that significantly strengthened the paper. However, the estimated coefficients are significant (p = 0.007 and p = 0.013, respectively) only in the NFP subsample, suggesting that lobbying raises employee salaries in NFP hospitals. 2000; Duggan 2000) and therefore limit lobbying. Dorn Policy Group, Inc. 101 N. 1st Avenue 20th Floor, Suite 2090 Phoenix, Arizona 85003 Telephone: 602-606-4667 9. Hospitals 2022 PDF, Fast Facts on U.S. While neighborhood volunteers operate an estimated 35% of HOAs, the rise Rural Hospitals 2022 Infographic PDF, Fast Facts: U.S. Health Systems 2023 Infographic PDF, With Its New Genomics Data Services, AWS Hopes to Facilitate Rapid Advances in Precision Medicine, Data and Analytics | Strengthening the Health Care Workforce, AHA Letter to CMS on Establishment of a National Directory of Health Care Providers and Services (NDH), Section 2 - Data and Technology | Strengthening the Health Care Workforce, HRSA releases data on organ donations, transplants, AHA comments on proposed HIPAA transaction standards for health care attachments, MedPAC adopts payment recommendations for 2024, HRSA to host training webinar for National Practitioner Data Bank administrators, Reminder: Hospital COVID-19 data reporting moves to CDC network Dec. 15, OCR reminder: HIPAA rules apply to online tracking technologies, HRSA releases data on maternity care health professional shortage areas, Congress urged to prevent additional PAYGO cuts to Medicare, CMS: Clinical laboratories must report private payer data beginning Jan. 1, The Current State of Hospital Finances: Fall 2022 Update, Fast Facts: U.S. Health Systems Infographic, Fast Facts: U.S. The coefficient on Lobby_dum is 0.0114 (0.0180) in the NFP (for-profit) subsample, suggesting that if an NFP (for-profit) hospital incurs lobbying expenses, the average saving in uncompensated care costs is $3.135 ($2.214) million. Prior years include spending from January through December. The estimated coefficients 1 on Lobby_dum or Lobby_exp are positive in all six models. Similarly, by examining publicly traded firms, Chen et al. All rights reserved. Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting 1 January 2021; 10 (1): 125. (2009) find a similar tax reduction effect. Charity care is never expected to be reimbursed, and it is different from bad debts that hospitals incur when they bill patients but do not receive payment (AHA 2010). The mean (median) of Uncomp is 0.083 (0.067). Previously held government jobs: 50.00% Did not previously hold government jobs: 50.00% 2022 $2,960,000 REVOLVING DOOR 9 out of 19 National Education Assn lobbyists in 2022 have previously held Unlike NFP and for-profit hospitals, government hospitals have other public funding on hand for subsidizing uncompensated care costs. The data below, from the 2020 AHA Annual Survey, are a sample of what you will find in AHA Hospital Statistics, 2022 edition. Another goal of lobbying is cost (excluding employee salaries) saving (Frankenfield 2020). The results support our H1c but do not support our H1b. In Texas, for example, the rate is 70.3%. Web3rd Quarter, 2020 Q3 Report In Q3, MORRISON PUBLIC AFFAIRS GROUP lobbied for AMERICAN HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION, earning $20,000. Particularly active clients often retain multiple lobbying firms, each with a team of lobbyists, to press their case for them. Other special hospitals include obstetrics and gynecology; eye, ear, nose, and throat; long term acute-care; rehabilitation; orthopedic; and other individually described specialty services. These hospitals cannot pay employees more than reasonable compensation for services rendered (Becker et al. Regression of Hospital Net Patient Revenue on Lobbying. WebAMA estimates that 65% of your membership dues are allocable to lobbying activities of the AMA, and therefore are not deductible for income tax purposes. 2. The unit is staffed with specially trained personnel and contains monitoring and specialized support equipment for treatment of patients who, because of shock, trauma, or other life-threatening conditions, require intensified, comprehensive observation and care. Thus, one way to improve hospital performance is to reduce costs. The coefficient on Lobby_exp is 0.0570, suggesting that each additional $1 spent on lobbying results in a $1.26 (i.e., $431 0.057/19.5) salary increase in an NFP hospital. AHA does not claim ownership of any content, including content incorporated by permission into AHA produced materials, created by any third party and cannot grant permission to use, distribute or otherwise reproduce such third party content. We predict that MCI is negatively correlated with Uncomp. Furthermore, it is important to note that lobbying has complex outcomes, and cost saving is only one of its goals. The American Hospital Association conducts an annual survey of hospitals in the United States. The unit is staffed with specially trained nursing personnel and contains monitoring and specialized support or treatment equipment for patients who, because of heart seizure, open-heart surgery, or other life-threatening conditions, require intensified, comprehensive observation and care. First, we provide a literature review that examines the effects of lobbying on organization performance along with hypotheses development in Section II. https://doi.org/10.2308/JOGNA-2020-009. To test H3, we develop Model (3) as follows: \begin{equation}\tag{3}RO{A_{i,t}} = {\delta _0} + {\delta _1}Lobb{y_{i,t - 1}} + \sum {Controls + Yea{r_t}} + Stat{e_i} + {\varepsilon _{i,t}} \end{equation}, Hospital staffing, organization, and quality of care: Cross-national findings, Quality improvement and hospital financial performance, Measuring rates of return on lobbying expenditures: An empirical case study of tax breaks for multinational corporations, Lobbying as a potent political marketing tool for firm performance: A closer look, Hospital ownership, performance, and outcomes: Assessing the state-of-the-science, Linking for-profit and nonprofit executive compensation: Salary composition and incentive structures in the U.S. hospital industry, The corporate value of (corrupt) lobbying, Lobbying, political connectedness and financial performance in the air transportation industry, An investigation of economic efficiency in California hospitals. The Center for Responsive Politics (OpenSecrets.org) provides us with hospital lobbying data regarding total lobbying expenses at the federal level. Generally, the goal of lobbying activities is to change existing rules or policies by influencing legislators and government officials (F. Yu and X. Yu 2011; Chen et al. According to Milyo, Primo, and Groseclose (2000), business organizations spend approximately ten times more on lobbying than on other political expenses. We predict that Leverage is positively correlated with Uncomp. For example, Richter, Samphantharak, and Timmons (2009) find that a 1 percent increase in lobbying spending will lower effective tax rates by 0.5 to 1.6 percent. In order to protect stakeholders' interests, hospitals lobby legislators to influence policies such as compensation for goods and services, licensing, and oversight (Landers and Sehgal 2004; Pradhan 2020). The focus of AHA's discontent is the provision that makes hospitals, regardless of how many campuses they have, eligible for only one incentive payment if the multiple facilities share the same Medicare provider number. The increase in net patient revenue is offset by the increase in employee salaries in NFP hospitals. For one, it's a bipartisan effort. Dorn Policy Group, Inc. 101 N. 1st Avenue 20th Floor, Suite 2090 Phoenix, Arizona 85003 Telephone: 602-606-4667 Whereas some hospitals could benefit from lobbying due to a specific rule or legislation changes, others might be hurt. Under the pressure of CMS review, NFP and for-profit hospitals lobbied lawmakers during the waiver review process to keep uncompensated care pool funds (Hawryluk 2015). 6. Neonatal intensive care. 7. Grants, contracts, and interest group lobbying behavior, Do firm's organisational slacks influence the relationship between corporate lobbying and corporate financial performance? In untabulated analyses, we re-estimate the regression models without controlling Leverage. Web41 out of 91 American Hospital Assn lobbyists in 2020 have previously held government jobs. Some feel that business organizations abuse lobbying for their selfish interests, which leads to corruption, while others think that lobbying is necessary because it prevents potentially harmful policies by providing important information to policymakers (Anderson, Martin, and Lee 2018). Reporting from the frontiers of health and medicine, You've been selected! Second, although we find that the lobbying effects diminish in the second year after lobbying and disappear in the third year, the underlying factors behind this trend remain unclear. In addition, 935 hospitals do not continue to invest in lobbying during the period in our sample; i.e., about 55 percent of hospitals spent zero on lobbying in certain year(s). Healthcare report: How are U.S. healthcare organizations embracing intelligent automation to enhance patient centricity? NFP and government hospitals need to lobby for more funding or raising the standard of reasonable compensation to protect employees' incomes. A 501(c)(3) tax-exempt, charitable organization, 1100 13th Street, NW, Suite 800 MCI is a continuous variable, but it does not change over the sample period. To learn the reason for this finding, we conduct one additional test to study the association between hospital lobbying and revenue. Cardiac intensive care. 2023 by the American Hospital Association. In the United States, NFP organizations, including those that are government owned, have complex and dynamic relationships with the government at federal, state, and local levels and across a broad array of policy arenas (Child and Grnbjerg 2007). What are the chances of the provision being amended? Frankenfield (2020) suggests that lobbying efforts in the hospital industry are generally focused on cost management, prevention of salary reductions, insurance allocations, and spending on employee training. Includes mixed intensive care units. Regression Analysis of Changes in Hospital Uncompensated Care Costs on Changes in Lobbying Expenses. Provides patient care of a more specialized nature than the usual medical and surgical care, on the basis of physicians orders and approved nursing care plans. In the subsamples of government and for-profit hospitals, the coefficients on Lobby_dum or Lobby_exp are insignificant, suggesting that lobbying does not increase employee salaries in government and for-profit hospitals. In this paper, the control variables include the market concentration index (MCI), Medicare mix (MedicareMix), Medicaid mix (MedicaidMix), hospital size (Size), hospital leverage (Leverage),5 medical school affiliation (Teaching), hospital location (Urban), and networked hospital designation (Network). The results suggest that hospital lobbying lowers uncompensated care costs in NFP and for-profit hospitals, supporting our H2a and H2c. In the NFP subsample, the mean of total assets is $431 million, and the mean of net incomes is $19.5 million. Follow the money on gun rights and gun control groups. Thus, this study sheds light on distinctions in lobbying among different types of ownership. Business organizations use lobbying as a vehicle to promote and protect their interests. Lobbying is an important avenue for business organizations to influence legislation, regulations, or policies in order to gain competitive advantage. To empirically test our expectations, we use hospital financial data from Definitive Healthcare and hospital lobbying expense data from OpenSecrets.org for the period from 2011 to 2018. Both Medicare and Medicaid are government-sponsored health insurance plans. 2015), we further conduct robustness analyses to test the lagged lobbying effects. Prior studies find that business organizations that engage in lobbying activities can gain a variety of benefits. Therefore, a study that includes the different types of organization ownership within one industry might provide further insights on the effects of lobbying. Hospital lobbying reduces uncompensated care costs in for-profit hospitals. Provides care to pediatric patients that is of a more The effects of breadth and depth of information sharing, Corporate politics, governance, and value before and after Citizens United, Does electronic health record use improve hospital financial performance? The data below are examples of the types of insights that can be pulled from the AHA Annual Survey. Therefore, the hospital industry provides us a unique setting to study the different outcomes of lobbying activities among various types of ownership within one industry. Shaffer, Quasney, and Grimm (2000) find a positive relationship between lobbying and net income in the airline industry. Hospitals and related healthcare institutions rank the 8th highest in lobbying with expenditures of over $1.79 billion over the past 22 years (Frankenfield 2020), but And now as the hospital industry stares down a newly empowered Democratic Party eyeing a litany of unprecedented health reforms Nickels is retiring at 68. In this sense, patients make no difference in hospital lobbying efforts. Burn care. Thus, reverse causality does not drive the association between hospital lobbying expenses and uncompensated care costs. Total from Subsidiaries, 2020 The coefficient on Lobby_exp is 0.0082 (0.0110) in the NFP (for-profit) subsample, suggesting that a $1 increase in lobbying expenses results in a $0.12 ($0.13) saving in uncompensated care costs in NFP (for-profit) hospitals. As we discussed previously, however, uncompensated care costs are one part of hospital costs. Hospitals 2023 Infographics, View the Fast Facts: U.S. What's wrong with this provision? The definitive source for aggregate hospital data and trend analysis, AHA Hospital Statistics includes current and historical data on utilization, personnel, revenue, expenses, managed care contracts, community health indicators, physician models, and much more. 2000). WebLobbying Lobbying Data Summary Companies, labor unions, trade associations and other influential organizations spend billions of dollars each year to lobby Congress and federal agencies. Determinants and effects of corporate lobbying, A lobbying approach to evaluating the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, A fistful of dollars: Lobbying and the financial crisis, Health care lobbying in the United States, Corporate lobbying in antidumping cases: Looking into the continued dumping and subsidy offset act, Funding faction or buying silence? Second, to our best knowledge, this is the first study that empirically examines the differences among NFP, for-profit, and government hospitals regarding lobbying purposes and effects. In 2020, the healthcare sector We add Leverage as a control variable according to the comments from the 2018 AAA Annual Meeting. Evidence from panel data, Uncompensated care provided by for-profit, not-for-profit, and government owned hospitals, The effect of changing state health policy on hospital uncompensated care, Academic earmarks and the returns to lobbying, Hospital ownership and public medical spending, The relationship of hospital ownership and service composition to hospital charges, Aspirations and corporate lobbying in the product market, Political connections and corporate bailouts, Advocating for policy change in nonprofit coalitions, The determinants of hospital profitability, Institutional logics, moral frames, and advocacy: Explaining the purpose of advocacy among nonprofit human-service organizations, The effects of hospital-physician integration strategies on hospital financial performance, In search of El Dorado: The elusive financial returns on corporate political investments, Disaggregating and explaining corporate political activity: Domestic and foreign corporations in national politics. Uncompensated care, including charity care and bad debts, is an overall measure of hospital care provided for which no payment is received from patients or insurers (Davidoff et al. Under this regulation, business organizations that spend more than $10,000 on lobbying must register and file reports that disclose lobbying activities and the amount spent on lobbying. Therefore, like for-profit organizations, NFP organizations also have incentives to engage in the formulation and implementation of public policies. For example, like educational institution lobbying (de Figueiredo and Silverman 2006), hospital lobbying can also result in more federal funding. saved. Total intensive care beds are not summed because the care provided is specialized. NOTE: Figures on this page are calculations by OpenSecrets based on data from the Senate Office of Public Records. 10. Nine states had uncompensated care pools. Regarding the association between lobbying and stock market returns, prior research finds different results when using distinct market-based measures. The HIMSS Global Health Conference & Exhibition is the most influential health information technology event of the year, where 40,000+ professionals throughout the global health ecosystem. Hospitals follow regulations to determine whether patient care is classified as either charity care costs or bad debts. The two datasets do not have matched observations before 2011. Early Medicaid expansion in Connecticut stemmed the growth in hospital uncompensated care, Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion reduced uninsured hospital stays in 2014, The causes and consequences of internal control problems in nonprofit organizations, Firm level performance implications of nonmarket actions, Regulation and the rising cost of hospital care, Hospitals known for nursing excellence associated with better hospital experience for patients, Civic engagement and nonprofit lobbying in California, 19982003, Management strategies and financial performance in rural and urban hospitals, Hospital lobbying blitz starts paying off, This site uses cookies. For the full sample (9,646 observations), the mean of Lobby_dum is 0.774, indicating that 77.4 percent of hospitals have lobbying spending, and the mean (median) of Lobby_exp is 0.012 (0.002). Each state has specific minimum mandates on uncompensated care and differs in the ACA's Medicaid expansion. Search for other works by this author on: To test our first set of hypotheses, we develop Model (1) as follows: \(\def\upalpha{\unicode[Times]{x3B1}}\)\(\def\upbeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B2}}\)\(\def\upgamma{\unicode[Times]{x3B3}}\)\(\def\updelta{\unicode[Times]{x3B4}}\)\(\def\upvarepsilon{\unicode[Times]{x3B5}}\)\(\def\upzeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B6}}\)\(\def\upeta{\unicode[Times]{x3B7}}\)\(\def\uptheta{\unicode[Times]{x3B8}}\)\(\def\upiota{\unicode[Times]{x3B9}}\)\(\def\upkappa{\unicode[Times]{x3BA}}\)\(\def\uplambda{\unicode[Times]{x3BB}}\)\(\def\upmu{\unicode[Times]{x3BC}}\)\(\def\upnu{\unicode[Times]{x3BD}}\)\(\def\upxi{\unicode[Times]{x3BE}}\)\(\def\upomicron{\unicode[Times]{x3BF}}\)\(\def\uppi{\unicode[Times]{x3C0}}\)\(\def\uprho{\unicode[Times]{x3C1}}\)\(\def\upsigma{\unicode[Times]{x3C3}}\)\(\def\uptau{\unicode[Times]{x3C4}}\)\(\def\upupsilon{\unicode[Times]{x3C5}}\)\(\def\upphi{\unicode[Times]{x3C6}}\)\(\def\upchi{\unicode[Times]{x3C7}}\)\(\def\uppsy{\unicode[Times]{x3C8}}\)\(\def\upomega{\unicode[Times]{x3C9}}\)\(\def\bialpha{\boldsymbol{\alpha}}\)\(\def\bibeta{\boldsymbol{\beta}}\)\(\def\bigamma{\boldsymbol{\gamma}}\)\(\def\bidelta{\boldsymbol{\delta}}\)\(\def\bivarepsilon{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon}}\)\(\def\bizeta{\boldsymbol{\zeta}}\)\(\def\bieta{\boldsymbol{\eta}}\)\(\def\bitheta{\boldsymbol{\theta}}\)\(\def\biiota{\boldsymbol{\iota}}\)\(\def\bikappa{\boldsymbol{\kappa}}\)\(\def\bilambda{\boldsymbol{\lambda}}\)\(\def\bimu{\boldsymbol{\mu}}\)\(\def\binu{\boldsymbol{\nu}}\)\(\def\bixi{\boldsymbol{\xi}}\)\(\def\biomicron{\boldsymbol{\micron}}\)\(\def\bipi{\boldsymbol{\pi}}\)\(\def\birho{\boldsymbol{\rho}}\)\(\def\bisigma{\boldsymbol{\sigma}}\)\(\def\bitau{\boldsymbol{\tau}}\)\(\def\biupsilon{\boldsymbol{\upsilon}}\)\(\def\biphi{\boldsymbol{\phi}}\)\(\def\bichi{\boldsymbol{\chi}}\)\(\def\bipsy{\boldsymbol{\psy}}\)\(\def\biomega{\boldsymbol{\omega}}\)\(\def\bupalpha{\bf{\alpha}}\)\(\def\bupbeta{\bf{\beta}}\)\(\def\bupgamma{\bf{\gamma}}\)\(\def\bupdelta{\bf{\delta}}\)\(\def\bupvarepsilon{\bf{\varepsilon}}\)\(\def\bupzeta{\bf{\zeta}}\)\(\def\bupeta{\bf{\eta}}\)\(\def\buptheta{\bf{\theta}}\)\(\def\bupiota{\bf{\iota}}\)\(\def\bupkappa{\bf{\kappa}}\)\(\def\buplambda{\bf{\lambda}}\)\(\def\bupmu{\bf{\mu}}\)\(\def\bupnu{\bf{\nu}}\)\(\def\bupxi{\bf{\xi}}\)\(\def\bupomicron{\bf{\micron}}\)\(\def\buppi{\bf{\pi}}\)\(\def\buprho{\bf{\rho}}\)\(\def\bupsigma{\bf{\sigma}}\)\(\def\buptau{\bf{\tau}}\)\(\def\bupupsilon{\bf{\upsilon}}\)\(\def\bupphi{\bf{\phi}}\)\(\def\bupchi{\bf{\chi}}\)\(\def\buppsy{\bf{\psy}}\)\(\def\bupomega{\bf{\omega}}\)\(\def\bGamma{\bf{\Gamma}}\)\(\def\bDelta{\bf{\Delta}}\)\(\def\bTheta{\bf{\Theta}}\)\(\def\bLambda{\bf{\Lambda}}\)\(\def\bXi{\bf{\Xi}}\)\(\def\bPi{\bf{\Pi}}\)\(\def\bSigma{\bf{\Sigma}}\)\(\def\bPhi{\bf{\Phi}}\)\(\def\bPsi{\bf{\Psi}}\)\(\def\bOmega{\bf{\Omega}}\)\begin{equation}\tag{1}Salar{y_{i,t}} = {\beta _0} + {\beta _1}Lobb{y_{i,t - 1}} + {\beta _2}MC{I_{i,t}} + {\beta _3}MedicareMi{x_{i,t}} + {\beta _4}MedicaidMi{x_{i,t}} + {\beta _5}Siz{e_{i,t}} + {\beta _6}Leverag{e_{i,t}} + {\beta _7}Teachin{g_{i,t}} + {\beta _8}Urba{n_{i,t}} + {\beta _9}Networ{k_{i,t}} + Yea{r_t} + Stat{e_i} + {\varepsilon _{i,t}} \end{equation}. In addition, lobbyists actively communicate with government officials so that lobbying hospitals or groups can influence or shape policies in order to protect their own interests and increase their competitive advantage (Chen et al. However, because Medicare and Medicaid are mainly reimbursed by CMS and state/local governments, those payments are more secure than patients' payments. The AHA has also created Fast Facts on U.S. Our study suggests that lobbying hospitals gain more benefits than their nonlobbying peers and provides insights into how lobbying can affect hospital performance, which could be helpful for hospital administrators' decision making. The extant research only focuses on one type of organization ownership to study the effects of lobbying. Other intensive care. Unlock this article by subscribing to STAT+ and enjoy your first 30 days free! Lobbying may reduce other costs. It is reasonable to expect that savings in uncompensated care costs are less than lobbying spending. Long term care hospitals may be defined by different methods; here they include other hospitals with an average length of stay of 30 or more days. Taken together, our findings suggest that NFP hospitals lobby to protect employees' interests, while for-profit hospitals lobby to maximize investors' interests. If you look at the high-ranking legislators who are supporting AHA, it holds a clue of what may happen. Rural Hospitals Infographic, Fast Facts on U.S. The most recent financial data from Definitive Healthcare (generated on 6/20/2020) are fiscal year 2018 data. 2022 by Health Forum LLC, an affiliate of the American Hospital Association. In addition to rendering healthcare services, teaching hospitals have responsibilities for training medical/nursing students, which incurs additional human resource costs (i.e., employee salaries). Table 5 presents the results from estimating Model (3). AHA Hospital Statistics is published annually by Health Forum, an affiliate of the American Hospital Association. To order print copies of AHA Hospital Statistics, call (800) AHA-2626 or visit the AHA online store. An interactive online version is also available. Note that the ICU beds data is not published in AHA Hospital Statistics. 2013; Bovbjerg et al. We provide the definitions of all variables in Appendix A. Severely burned patients are those with any of the following: (1) second-degree burns of more than 25% total body surface area for adults or 20% total body surface area for children: (2) third-degree burns of more than 10% total body surface area; (3) any severe burns of the hands, face, eyes, ears, or feet; or (4) all inhalation injuries, electrical burns, complicated burn injuries involving fractures and other major traumas, and all other poor risk factors. Fast Facts will be updated with FY2019 ICU bed counts in February 2021. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to, Issues in Accounting Education Teaching Notes, AUDITING: A Journal of Practice and Theory, Current Issues in Auditing Teaching Notes, Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting, Journal of Emerging Technologies in Accounting Teaching Notes, Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting, Journal of Governmental & Nonprofit Accounting Teaching Notes, Journal of Information Systems Teaching Notes, Journal of International Accounting Research, Journal of Management Accounting Research, The Journal of the American Taxation Association, Journal of Forensic Accounting Research Teaching Notes, II. The means of MCI, Teaching, and Urban are slightly different from those in prior research because our sample includes more recent data.
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