In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). Crit Care Med. There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). Finally, mutations in genes coding for vitamin C-dependent TET demethylases, mutations that are common in cancer cells, may also contribute to resistance to vitamin C treatment (165). Bjog. Age-related decline of sodium-dependent ascorbic acid transport in isolated rat hepatocytes. The role of vitamin C as a cofactor is also related to its redox potential. Linus Pauling and Matthias Rath first presented their lipoprotein-a theory of arterial disease in 1990. Cancer Cell. 2012(6):Cd004567. Subcellular Biochemistry. However, leukocyte vitamin C concentration does not accurately reflect vitamin C in several tissues and may specifically underestimate vitamin C uptake into skeletal muscle (26). Two large prospective cohort studies, one following 45,251 men for six years and the other following 85,557 women for 14 years, reported that consumption of 1,500 mg of vitamin C daily did not increase the risk of kidney stone formation compared to those consuming <250 mg daily (196, 197). 2017;151(6):1229-1238. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. The anticancer mechanism of intravenous vitamin C action is under investigation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Vitamin C and A1c relationship in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Notably, this study had several limitations (54), including no measurement of vitamin C status and the recruitment of a well-nourished study population. Pauling, two-time Nobel laureate and the world's foremost vitamin C proponent, entertained an overflow crowd in the Bldg. Although liposomal encapsulation could increase vitamin C bioavailability, plasma vitamin C concentrations were much lower than those achieved with intravenous vitamin C administration (190). Such a reduction falls within the range of assay variability and is unlikely to be clinically significant (121). In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). A meta-analysis of 36 studies on the relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations found that the elderly require a substantially higher daily intake of vitamin C to attain plasma concentrations that younger adults achieve at a lower intake. PDF THE COLLAGEN CONNECTION - LINUS PAULING - Vitamin C In addition to taking vitamin C to prevent atherosclerosis, Pauling recommended a combination of vitamin C and the amino acids lysine and proline to help remove existing plaque while strengthening weak and damaged arteries. Pauling Recommendation | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). (PubMed), 100. In the past 40 years, numerous placebo-controlled trials have examined the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the prevention and treatment of colds. A systematic review and meta-analysis. These observations are consistent with other data that intakes of about 400 mg/day are associated with reduced risk of heart disease. McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, et al. Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. One 12-month randomized placebo-controlled trial in 456 participants with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin examined the effect of vitamin C (500 mg/day) or acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin; 100 mg/day) on risk factors for diabetes-related complications such as CVD (147). Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, -amyloid plaque deposition, Tau protein-forming tangles, and neuronal cell death in the brain of subjects affected by AD have been associated with cognitive decline and memory loss. JAMA. 2007;6:41. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. Am J Clin Nutr. (PubMed), 82. A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. However, antioxidant supplementation resulted in reduced risks of placental abruption and preterm birth in women who smoked during pregnancy but not in non-smokers (94). Specifically, plasma vitamin C ranged from approximately 23 to 70 mol/L in men and 33 to 82 mol/L in women; across this range, every 20 mol/L increase in plasma vitamin C was associated with a 9% reduction in risk of heart failure. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. While plasma vitamin C concentration reflects recent dietary intake, leukocyte (white blood cell) vitamin C is thought to be an indicator of body stores. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. 1999;18(2):166-170. 2018 Alzheimer's Disease Facts and Figures. In: Harris JR, ed. (PubMed), 66. An eight-week, open-label, controlled trial randomized 40 subjects with gout to receive either allopurinol (standard-of-care), vitamin C, or both treatments (122). Oncologist. Synthetic or food-derived vitamin C--are they equally bioavailable? Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Aspirin can impair vitamin C status if taken frequently (201). 2017;9(11). A 2015 meta-analysis of 29 randomized controlled trials found that administration of vitamin C during pregnancy, alone or in combination with a few other supplements, failed to reduce the risks of stillbirth, perinatal death, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, and preeclampsia (88). Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. (PubMed), 40. (PubMed), 144. An intervention trial in 75 adult male smokers found that supplementation with 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C resulted in significantly lower blood lead concentration over a four-week treatment period compared to placebo(184). Effect of high dose vitamin C on urinary oxalate levels. 1983;29(5):305-310. Early Hum Dev. Am Heart J. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Vitamin C supplements are available in many forms, but there is little scientific evidence that any one form is better absorbed or more effective than another. (National Academy Press), 36. Naeini AM, Elmadfa I, Djazayery A, et al. Carol's story is but one in 18 YEARS of consistent testimony which demonstrates that Linus Pauling's rec ommended dosages of the vitamin C, lysine (and proline) (which he and Dr. Rath called Lp (a) binding inhibitors) are almost always effective for reversing symptoms of advanced coronary heart disease within 30 to 90 days after achieving the New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. Dr. Pauling, for whom the Linus Pauling Institute has great respect, based his own recommendations for vitamin C largely on theoretical arguments. Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective before-after study. 1999;10(4):840-845. Roberts LJ, 2nd, Traber MG, Frei B. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer in men. 1993;57(2):213-217. (PubMed), 102. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Linus Pauling Dosage Recommendations Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Vitamin C is required to strengthen arteries so that the body does not try to patch arteries with "plaster casts" (atherosclerosis). 2010;12(2):209-217. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. It may involve the production of high levels of hydrogen peroxide, selectively toxic to cancer cells (22, 160-162), or the deactivation of hypoxia inducible factor, a prosurvival transcription factor that protects cancer cells from various forms of stress (159, 163, 164). (PubMed), 203. Semin Arthritis Rheum. Simon JA, Hudes ES. Nutrients. (PubMed), 64. In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). Int J Cancer. 195. Am J Epidemiol. Years later, Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, is ignored for reporting that large amounts of vitamin C and lysine are needed to prevent coronary attacks. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. (PubMed), 123. (PubMed), 181. J Urol. (PubMed), 126. Overall, observational prospective cohort studies have reported no or modest inverse associations between vitamin C intake and the risk of developing a given type of cancer(37, 61-63). Johansen JS, Harris AK, Rychly DJ, Ergul A. Oxidative stress and the use of antioxidants in diabetes: linking basic science to clinical practice. Despite conflicting results, it may be prudent for individuals predisposed to oxalate kidney stone formation to avoid high-dose vitamin C supplementation. Hoffer LJ, Levine M, Assouline S, et al. (PubMed), 174. 1. 2016;6(2):243-250. The dosage of vitamin C was set too low, at one tenth the dosage recommended by the Linus Pauling protocol, and lysine was not provided. However, a reduction in blood vitamin C concentrations with these drugs has not been reported in humans (200). Carriers of two copies of the Hp2 allele (Hp2-2) express a Hp protein that has a lower capacity to bind and remove pro-oxidant, free hemoglobin (Hb) from plasma, compared to Hp proteins coded by the Hp1-1 and Hp1-2 genotypes. The tendency to exhibit elevated blood uric acid concentrations and develop gout is often inherited; however, dietary and lifestyle modification may be helpful in both the prevention and treatment of gout (116). Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. Cardiovasc Diabetol. (PubMed), 153. Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. Vitamin C intake from diary recordings and risk of breast cancer in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Gut. 1999;69(6):1086-1107. 2012;12:61. (PubMed), 172. Hemila H, Suonsyrja T. Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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