Rioters throwing rocks and stones as trouble flared following the Apprentice Boys parade through the streets on Derry, Northern Ireland, August 13, 1969. Northern Ireland is bounded on the north and northeast by the North Channel, on the southeast by the Irish Sea, and on the south and west by Ireland. Northern Ireland's new police force was the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), which succeeded the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). A petrol bomb which was thrown at a police van (left) is pictured burning out in Rossville Street, Derry, Northern Ireland, October 1968. Londonderry, known to locals as Derry, is Northern Ireland's second largest city. Protestants are no longer a clear majority in Northern Ireland. The Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland are both religious states, with 90.4% of the population in the latter identifying as Christian. [226][227] People in Northern Ireland who live close to the border with the Republic of Ireland may inadvertently switch over to the Irish mobile networks, causing international roaming fees to be applied. Social housing need '26 times greater' in Catholic area of north The make-up of the Northern Ireland Assembly reflects the appeals of the various parties within the population. However, not all of those elected take their seats. Following the reform of local government in Northern Ireland the twenty-six districts created in 1973 were replaced with eleven "super districts". Northern Ireland has a long tradition of religious and political conflicts between its Catholic and Protestant communities. Attempts at resistance were swiftly crushed everywhere outside of Ulster. The Ulster-dominated alliance represented the first Irish united front (prior resistance had always been localized). Discrimination against nationalists under the Stormont government (19211972) gave rise to the civil rights movement in the 1960s. Both governments exclude some people born in Northern Ireland, in particular persons born without one parent who is a British or Irish citizen. Almost 2,000 murals have been documented in Northern Ireland since the 1970s. The Anglo-Irish Treaty that ended the War of Independence then created the Irish Free State in the south, giving it dominion status within the British Empire. The city was thinly defended, and had only 24 anti-aircraft guns. As well as broadcasting standard UK-wide programmes, BBC NI produces local content, including a news break-out called BBC Newsline. In the border counties (Donegal, Leitrim, Cavan, Monaghan and Louth), there were instances of Protestants being intimidated by more extreme neighbours and groups, most notably the IRA. Of course, theyre all Irish, but they just have fundamentally different conceptions of what that means, says Weaver. In the 1960s, a new generation of politically and socially conscious young Catholic nationalists in Northern Ireland started looking to the civil rights movement in America as a model for ending what they saw as brazen anti-Catholic discrimination in their home country. Major Gaelic Athletic Association matches are opened by the national anthem of the Republic of Ireland, "Amhrn na bhFiann (The Soldier's Song)", which is also used by most other all-Ireland sporting organisations. The RUC and the reserve Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) were militarized police forces due to the perceived threat of militant republicanism. Northern Ireland is a part of the United Kingdom with a population divided along ethno-religious lines between Protestant unionists who want to remain a part of the UK and Catholic. Of the 90Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), 37 are unionists and 35 are nationalists (the remaining 18 are classified as "other").[97]. Well see. Irelandthe island made up of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Irelandincludes four traditional regions, or provinces: Ulster in the north, Munster in the south, Leinster in the east, and Connaught in the west. Tweaked continually in accordance with shifting populations of priests and people, at best maps of Catholic parish boundaries can be found at diocesan level. The highest maximum temperature recorded was 31.4C (88.5F), registered in July 2021 at Armagh Observatory's weather station. This is especially important in neighborhoods throughout Northern Ireland considered strongholds of Catholics or Protestants. Headed by English unionist politician Walter Long, it was known as the 'Long Committee'. These were created in 2015, replacing the twenty-six districts which previously existed.[139]. Excepted matters (such as international relations, taxation and elections) are never expected to be considered for devolution. Working class areas in the north and east of the city were particularly hard hit, and over 1,000 people were killed and hundreds were seriously injured. The most notable example is whether Northern Ireland's second-largest city should be called "Derry" or "Londonderry". [64], Northern Ireland's border was drawn to give it "a decisive Protestant majority". [201] The border with Ireland is 360 km long. The franchise for local government elections included only rate-payers and their spouses, and so excluded over a quarter of the electorate. No-go areas for Catholics in Northern Ireland. Your top five. [52], Meanwhile, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 passed through the British parliament in 1920. [35] Many more Scots Protestants migrated to Ulster during the Scottish famine of the 1690s. The government of Northern Ireland cooperates with the government of the Republic of Ireland in several areas agreed under the terms of the Belfast Agreement. In May 2022 it was announced the population had risen to 1.9 million,. However, because in the past Catholic families tended to send their deaf children to schools in Dublin[citation needed] where Irish Sign Language (ISL) is commonly used, ISL is still common among many older deaf people from Catholic families. Half of the city's houses had been destroyed, highlighting the terrible slum conditions in Belfast, and about 20 million worth of damage was caused. [110] Authors writing specifically about Northern Ireland dismiss the idea that Northern Ireland is a "country" in general terms,[12][14][111] and draw contrasts in this respect with England, Scotland and Wales. [49], Events overtook the government. Of the province's 50 worst areas in terms of educational deprivation, 37 are in Belfast, with Neet rates running at between 10% and 17% of late teens in some parts of the city. [42] Unionists argued that if Home Rule could not be stopped then all or part of Ulster should be excluded from it. On April 6, 1917, Congress voted to declare war on Germany, joining the bloody battlethen optimistically called the Great War. Rochester political scientist Hein Goemans explains why Germany was willing to risk American entry into the war. People born in Northern Ireland are, with some exceptions, deemed by UK law to be citizens of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland - Wikipedia [151] In terms of background (i.e. These figures based on the 2021 census at district level mask wide variations on smaller scales. Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom (UK), suffered decades of violence known as the Troubles, a conflict largely between pro-UK Protestants and pro-secession Catholics . Of the four, football is the most popular in Northern Ireland. This became known as the Irish War of Independence. How Did the Shankill Road Become Northern Ireland's Most Notorious Street? This entitlement was reaffirmed in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement between the British and Irish governments, which provides that: it is the birthright of all the people of Northern Ireland to identify themselves and be accepted as Irish or British, or both, as they may so choose, and accordingly [the two governments] confirm that their right to hold both British and Irish citizenship is accepted by both Governments and would not be affected by any future change in the status of Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland's golf courses include the Royal Belfast Golf Club (the earliest, formed in 1881), Royal Portrush Golf Club, which is the only course outside Great Britain to have hosted The Open Championship, and Royal County Down Golf Club (Golf Digest magazine's top-rated course outside the United States).[206][207]. [77] From 1969 to 2003 there were over 36,900 shooting incidents and over 16,200 bombings or attempted bombings associated with The Troubles. The Catholic population, meanwhile, is growing relative to the Protestant population. Before Brexit, I would have said, yes. There was a kind of momentum and there seemed to be a will for reunification. Northern Ireland had three major champions in the space of just 14 months from the U.S. Open in 2010 to The Open Championship in 2011. Notable golfers include Fred Daly (winner of The Open in 1947), Ryder Cup players Ronan Rafferty and David Feherty, leading European Tour professionals David Jones, Michael Hoey (a five-time winner on the tour) and Gareth Maybin, as well as three recent major winners Graeme McDowell (winner of the U.S. Open in 2010, the first European to do so since 1970), Rory McIlroy (winner of four majors) and Darren Clarke (winner of The Open in 2011). Northern Ireland downloading the latest version of Internet Explorer, 100 years on: The partition of Ireland explained, Microscopes and soap bubbles show the art of science, Douglass Leadership House to undergo operational, physical changes. Recent successes for Northern Ireland teams include Armagh's 2002 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship win and Tyrone GAA's wins in 2003, 2005, 2008, and 2021. LAND AND RESOURCES The total area of Northern Ireland is 14,160 sq km, of which 628 sq km is inland water. In the Nine Years' War (15941603), an alliance of Gaelic chieftains led by the two most powerful Ulster lords, Hugh Roe O'Donnell and the Earl of Tyrone fought against the English government in Ireland. Efforts by members of the Northern Ireland Assembly to legislate for some official uses of the language have failed to achieve the required cross-community support. Religious Toleration and Peace Retopea Patsy McGarry, Orthodox Christians of all shades now have a significant presence in Ireland. It is likely Catholics will outnumber Protestants by 2021 in Northern Ireland, according to a leading academic. Brexit takes Northern Ireland out of the European Union and leaves the Republic of Ireland in the European Union, drawing a stark distinction and difference between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Some of them wore the white armbands of the B-Specials, an auxiliary police unit of the RUC. The vote went heavily in favour (98.9%) of maintaining the status quo. [193], The official flag is that of the state having sovereignty over the territory, i.e. Not all Protestants are unionists, and not all Catholics are nationalist. The region that is now Northern Ireland was long inhabited by native Gaels who were Irish-speaking and predominantly Catholic. Players play for local clubs with the best being selected for their county teams. [88] In its white paper on Brexit the United Kingdom government reiterated its commitment to the Belfast Agreement. Elections to the Northern Ireland Assembly are by single transferable vote with five Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) elected from each of 18 parliamentary constituencies. Following the election on 7 March 2007, the devolved government returned on 8 May 2007 with Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) leader Ian Paisley and Sinn Fin deputy leader Martin McGuinness taking office as First Minister and deputy First Minister, respectively. [63] However, the commission's final report recommended only small transfers of territory, and in both directions. This is one of the four major cycles of Irish mythology. Conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland The troubles The country of Ireland, which is known for its beautiful scenery, is divided into two parts. And while it is the Protestant-majority part of Ireland, at the time of the division, about a third of the Northern Irish were Catholic. Poleglass (from Irish: Poll Glas, meaning 'green hollow') is an area of west Belfast in Northern Ireland.It is the name of a townland, a modern electoral ward, and a housing estate. BELFAST, Sept 22 (Reuters) - Northern Ireland has more Catholics than Protestants for the first time, census results showed on Thursday, a historic shift that some see as likely to help drive. The United Kingdoms compromises with the nationalists had the unintended effect of further entrenching partition. They are also, with similar exceptions, entitled to be citizens of Ireland. The side competes in Test cricket, the highest level of competitive cricket in the international arena, and is one of the 12 full-member countries of the ICC. List of districts in Northern Ireland by religion or religion brought up in. Is the IRA Protestant or Catholic? The exclusion of the three counties, which had nationalist majorities, ensured a unionist majority in Northern Irelandbut also a large nationalist minority. riage was rising in Northern Ireland in the late 1960s. Belfast's most prominent peak is Cavehill. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! On all other governmental matters, the Executive together with the 90-member Assembly may legislate for and govern Northern Ireland. The Free State government and Irish nationalists hoped for a large transfer of territory to the Free State, as many border areas had nationalist majorities. It developed into an ethnic conflict between Irish Catholics and British Protestant settlers and became part of the wider Wars of the Three Kingdoms (163953), which ended with the English Parliamentarian conquest. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Seventy percent of the economy's revenue comes from the service sector. On this measure, Northern Ireland is far poorer. [74], In 1965, Northern Ireland's Prime Minister Terence O'Neill met the Taoiseach, Sen Lemass. It too was almost wholly Protestant and lacked operational independence, responding to directions from government ministers. This escalated at the end of the century, especially during the County Armagh disturbances, where the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys fought the Catholic Defenders. The vast majority of Northern Ireland has a temperate maritime climate, (Cfb in the Kppen climate classification) rather wetter in the west than the east, although cloud cover is very common across the region. [108] The absence of a distinct nation of Northern Ireland, separate within the island of Ireland, is also pointed out as being a problem with using the term[14][113][114] and is in contrast to England, Scotland, and Wales. [20], The creation of Northern Ireland was accompanied by violence both in defence of and against partition. They uphold the integrity and commitment to quality education delivered within an ethos that supports the mission of the Church. It is also deeply unpopular in Scotland, where it has renewed calls for a second referendum on independence. Battle of the Bogside in Derry, Northern Ireland, August 12, 1969. Credit: Peter Ferraz/Getty Images. The Troubles | Summary, Causes, & Facts | Britannica In the 2011 census the same process could only assign a religion to 94% of the population and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency ceased to call the measure "community background" and instead called it "religion or religion brought up in". The full line-up of candidates standing in May's local government election has been confirmed. [151], In recent censuses, respondents gave their religious identity or religious upbringing as follows:[153][154][150], In Northern Ireland censuses, respondents can choose more than one national identity. No clubs have ever reached the group stage. Tensions flared into violence in the late 1960s,leaving some3,600 people dead and more than 30,000injured. During the 19th century, legal reforms known as the Catholic emancipation continued to remove discrimination against Catholics, and progressive programs enabled tenant farmers to buy land from landlords. [108] Some writers describe the United Kingdom as being made up of three countries and one province[109] or point out the difficulties with calling Northern Ireland a country. And the Irish problem arose over the course of the modern period because, in the post-Enlightenment period in the 19th century, there was an intensification of Irelands Catholic identity, especially after the famine, and a deepening of Catholicism and of Irish consciousness and Irish political identity. Many people inside and outside Northern Ireland use other names for Northern Ireland, depending on their point of view. [134] The lowest minimum temperature recorded was 18.7C (1.7F) at Castlederg, County Tyrone on 23 December 2010. This was bitterly opposed by Irish Unionists, most of whom were Protestants, who feared an Irish devolved government dominated by Irish nationalists and Catholics. In addition, eighteen representatives (Members of Parliament, MPs) are elected to the lower house of the UK parliament from the same constituencies using the first-past-the-post system. One of the men's side's regular international venues is Stormont in Belfast. The large-scale Catholic migration to the largely Ulster Protestant Belfast led to sectarian rioting across the city, with the Falls and Shankill areas often finding themselves at the centre of the conflict. The nationalist activists wanted to draw attention to discriminatory housing policies that resulted in de facto segregation along sectarian and religious lines. The tourism and hospitality industry was particularly hard hit. There are a lot of reasons that still make me think Ireland will eventually reunite. Northern Irish murals have become well-known features of Northern Ireland, depicting past and present events and documenting peace and cultural diversity. However, there are important differences in law and procedure between Northern Ireland and England and Wales. Since 1998, Northern Ireland has had devolved government within the United Kingdom, presided over by the Northern Ireland Assembly and a cross-community government (the Northern Ireland Executive). In a new book, professor of history Stewart Weaver chronicles journeys of discovery from the pre-historic trek of humans across the Bering Strait to the mid-20th century deep sea voyages of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Some may notice a correlation between areas with a large proportion of Catholics, and areas of marginal agricultural land including uplands. Since 1972, it has had no official status. In 1607, the rebellion's leaders fled to mainland Europe alongside much of Ulster's Gaelic nobility. In the early 20th century, the Ulster Volunteer Force - a militia dedicated to blocking Home Rule for Ireland - met on the Shankill. In September 1912, more than 500,000 unionists signed the Ulster Covenant, pledging to oppose Home Rule by any means and to defy any Irish government. The Northern Ireland government had no choice but to call for British troops to be sent in to put down the riots. The unemployment that had been so persistent in the 1930s disappeared, and labour shortages appeared, prompting migration from the Free State. [216], Owen Nolan, (born 12 February 1972) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player born in Northern Ireland. That place, of course, was subservience for 50 years after the foundation of Northern Ireland, with only one token Catholic in government all that time and all senior positions in areas such as . The third Peace Monitoring Report from 2014 examined data from the 2011 census in Northern Ireland and found that "the headline result was the narrowing of the gap between Catholics (45.1 per cent) and Protestants (48.4 per cent)". Ultimately, Brexit could implode the entire union of the United Kingdom. Supporters of unionism in the British media (notably The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Express) regularly call Northern Ireland "Ulster". Politicians elected to the Assembly at the 2003 Assembly election were called together on 15 May 2006 under the Northern Ireland Act 2006[87] to elect a First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland and choose the members of an Executive (before 25 November 2006) as a preliminary step to the restoration of devolved government.
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