The Safavid Empire dates from the rule of Shah Ismail (ruled 1501-1524). More importantly, for the first time in Iranian history, a substantial infantry corps of musketeers (, Artillery Corps: with the help of Westerners, he also formed an artillery corps of 12 000 men, although this was the weakest element in his army. [197] Shah Abbas I intended to decrease the power of the Qizilbash by bringing some of these provinces into his direct control, creating so called Crown Provinces (Khassa). Shah Abbas ordered a general massacre in Beradost and Mukriyan (Mahabad, reported by Eskandar Beg Monshi, Safavid Historian (15571642), in "Alam Ara Abbasi") and resettled the Turkic Afshar tribe in the region while deporting many Kurdish tribes to Khorasan. Abbas's tolerance towards Christians was part of his policy of establishing diplomatic links with European powers to try to enlist their help in the fight against their common enemy, the Ottoman Empire. religious differences led to much hostility between . On extraordinary occasions when the Shah took justice into his own hand, he would dress himself up in red for the importance of the event, according to ancient tradition.[200]. In any event, he was ultimately killed (according to some accounts) by his Circassian half-sister, Pari Khn Khnum, who championed him over Haydar. He also made Efahn the capital of Persia and fostered commerce and the arts, so that Persian artistic achievement reached a high point in his reign . There were no particular place assigned for the administration of justice. Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (/sfvd, s-/), also referred to as the Safavid Empire,[c] was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. Safavid military history had three phases. Strengths And Weaknesses Of The Mughal Empire - 818 Words | Cram It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century. A major problem faced by Ismail I after the establishment of the Safavid state was how to bridge the gap between the two major ethnic groups in that state: the Qizilbash ("Redhead") Turcomans, the "men of sword" of classical Islamic society whose military prowess had brought him to power, and the Persian elements, the "men of the pen", who filled the ranks of the bureaucracy and the religious establishment in the Safavid state as they had done for centuries under previous rulers of Iran, be they Arabs, Mongols, or Turkmens. In fact, it was the founder of the Safavid Empire, Shah Ismail I, who forcibly converted Iran . Among these were a number of Sufi brotherhoods, the Hurufis, Nuqtavis and Musha'sha'iyyah. The Safavid Empire, 1501-1736 - Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas Humayun was not the only royal figure to seek refuge at Tahmasp's court. While the imams and judges of law applied civil law in their practice, urf was primarily exercised by the local commissioners, who inspected the villages on behalf of the Shah, and by the Minister of Justice (Divanbegi). Despite the Safavid Shii zeal, Christians were tolerated and several missions and churches were built. The rise of the Pahlavis (1925 -79) saw the reaffirmation of a strong central authority in Iran and the re-emergence of the dynastic principle. She is said to have poisoned his opium.[94]. By this time, the bulk of the Safaviyya were nomadic Oghuz Turkic-speaking clans from Asia Minor and Azerbaijan and were known as Qizilbash "Red Heads" because of their distinct red headgear. To uphold the standard, another source of revenue was needed, and road toll, that were collected by guards (rah-dars), were stationed along the trading routes. While large in terms of land area, the large proportion of deserts and mountains in its territory meant density was very low; the empire's population is estimated to have probably numbered between eight and ten million in 1650, as compared to c.20 million for the Ottoman Empire in 1600. [244], Safavids also used Persian as a cultural and administrative language throughout the empire and were bilingual in Persian. Abbas I recognized the commercial benefit of promoting the artsartisan products provided much of Iran's foreign trade. A year after his victory in Tabriz, Ismil I claimed most of Iran as part of his territory,[31] and within 10 years established a complete control over all of it. The Safavid Empire began in 1501 BC when the Safavid leader Esma'il conquered Persia. [97] Pari Khn Khnum could master strong support among the Qizilbash, and her uncle, Shamkhal Sultan, was a prominent Circassian who held a high official position. Which would be the most useful source of evidence to support McNeill's contention that "the Safavid [Safavid] empire remained a profoundly disturbing force in the Moslem [Muslim] world?" Units 3 - 4 practice test! The Safavids were often artists themselves. The Mongol invasions that began in the 13th century drastically reconfigured the Islamic world. Throughout the Ottomans expansion, they rapidly improved their military . Power was shifting to the new class of Caucasian deportees and imports, many of the hundreds of thousands ethnic Georgians, Circassians, and Armenians. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Abbs I, byname Abbs the Great, (born Jan. 27, 1571died Jan. 19, 1629), shah of Persia from 1588 to 1629, who strengthened the Safavid dynasty by expelling Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persian soil and by creating a standing army. This action coincided with the accession to the Ottoman throne in 1512 of Sultan Selim I, Bayezid II's son, and it was the casus belli leading to Selim's decision to invade neighbouring Safavid Iran two years later.[64]. George Lenczowski, "Iran under the Pahlavis", Hoover Institution Press, 1978, p. 79: "Ismail Safavi, descendant of the pious Shaykh Ishaq Safi al-Din (d. 1334), seized Tabriz assuming the title of Shahanshah-e-Iran". His painting and calligraphic style influenced Iranian artists for much of the Safavid period, which came to be known as the Isfahan school. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. As the scale and frequency of Ottoman military successes declined, however, the proportion of slaves on the Ottoman market supplied by the Tatars increased. Mohammad was selected and received the crown on February 11, 1579. [133] Abbas's attitude, however, was in marked contrast to that of his grandfather, Tahmasp I, who had expelled the English traveller Anthony Jenkinson from his court on hearing he was a Christian. A system of government based on military strength, B. The Russo-Persian War of 1651-1653 was an armed conflict in the North Caucasus fought between the Safavid Empire and the Tsardom of Russia, associated with the Safavid plans to strengthen its position in the region and to exclude Russia. Indeed, this had been the situation throughout Persian history, even before the Safavids, ever since the Arab conquest. [83] Therefore, in 1540, Shah Tahmsp started the first of a series of invasions of the Caucasus region, both meant as a training and drilling for his soldiers, as well as mainly bringing back massive numbers of Christian Circassian and Georgian slaves, who would form the basis of a military slave system,[84] alike to the janissaries of the neighbouring Ottoman Empire,[85] as well as at the same time forming a new layer in Iranian society composed of ethnic Caucasians. The Safavid Empire & the Golden Age of Persia - Study.com The Safavid and Ottoman empires are usually compared because of the wars that broke . The Shah had a dozen of each in his service and would usually be accompanied by three doctors and three astrologers, who were authorized to sit by his side on various occasions. [65] The Qizilbash, which still suffered under the legacy of the battle of Chaldiran, was engulfed in internal rivalries. Safavid and Mughal Empires The decline of the Mongol Empire laid ground for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. Compare The Safavid Empire To The Ottoman Empire. PDF Josh Raines AP World History Chapter 21 notes (Safavids) "Greeks and Trkmens: The Pontic Exception", Peter Charanis. The Ilkhanid ruler ljait converted to Twelver Shiism in the 13th century. [10][11], The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. "[184], Muhammad Baqir Majlisi, commonly referenced to using the title Allamah, was a highly influential scholar during the 17th century (Safavid era). Dabashi, H. (1996) 'Mir Damad and the Founding of the School of Isfahan', in SH Nasr and O. Leaman (eds) History of Islamic Philosophy, London: Routledge, ch. Argues that, while Europeans in Safavid Iran were well treated, Iranians viewed Europegiven its distance from Iran and its foreign religionas a place of relatively little import and interest even if they were curious about Western manners and customs and were aware of Western military strength. It seems likely that most, if not all, of the Turkoman grandees at the court also spoke Persian, which was the language of the administration and culture, as well as of the majority of the population. He was perhaps the closest advisor to the Shah, and, as such, functioned as his eyes and ears within the Court. This wide-ranging book blends history, literature, politics and autobiography to challenge the conformist culture of our times. Thus Div Soltn emerged victorious in the first palace struggle, but he fell victim to Chuha Sultn of the Takkalu, who turned Tahmsp against his first mentor. Shah Ishmael I, the first Shah and founder of the Safavid Dynasty, conquered Azerbaijan in 1501, followed by Hamadan, Shiraz, Najaf, Baghdad, and Khorasan, among others. In the 10th and 11th centuries the Buwayhids, who were of the Zaidiyyah branch of Shia Islam, ruled in Fars, Isfahan and Baghdad. [78] Having to flee from city to city, Humayun eventually sought refuge at the court of Tahmsp in Qazvin in 1543. Ismil exploited the first element to seize power in Iran. With his new army, Abbs defeated the Turks in 1603, forcing them to relinquish all the territory they had seized, and captured Baghdad. The succession was evidently undisputed. -is why the Byzantine Empire mimic the Roman Empire when it came to government structure, military strength, and legal and tax codes. Sultan Hosein tried to forcibly convert his Afghan subjects in Qandahar from Sunni to Twelverism. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Safavid dynasty was one of Iran's most powerful ruling families, ruling from 1501 to 1736. As part of its completion, he greatly expanded the ghulam military corps from just a few hundred during Tahmsp's era, to 15,000 highly trained cavalrymen,[174] as part of a whole army division of 40,000 Caucasian ghulams. In 1527 Tahmsp demonstrated his desire by shooting an arrow at Div Soltn before the assembled court. From 1553 for forty years the shah was able to avoid being ensnared in tribal treacheries. The walls of Constantinople in 1453 were widely known to be the strongest and most fortified border in the world. As a result, Iran was cut off from overseas links to East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and South Asia. They are present on the level ground, and a small drum is always playing during the contest for excitement. [190], As for the royal household, the highest post was that of the Nazir, Court Minister. In the east Murshid Quli Khan, of the Ustajlu tribe, managed to snatch Abbas away from the Shamlus. (1986). Stanford Jay Shaw. The tribal Afghans rode roughshod over their conquered territory for seven years but were prevented from making further gains by Nader Shah, a former slave who had risen to military leadership within the Afshar tribe in Khorasan, a vassal state of the Safavids. The lesser officials were the qazi, corresponding a civil lieutenant, who ranked under the local governors and functioned as judges in the provinces. The Sunni Ulema or clergy were either killed or exiled[citation needed]. Although already by the early years of king Abbas' reign (r. 15881629) they were no longer controlling the state, the Turkoman Qizilbash continued to provide many of the senior army officers and to fill important administrative and ceremonial offices in the royal household. The Shah had stables in all the principal towns, and Shah Abbas was said to have about 30,000 horses in studs around the country. A very strenuous form of exercise which the Persians greatly enjoyed was hunting. Although the first slave soldiers would not be organized until the reign of Abbas I, during Tahmsp's time Caucasians would already become important members of the royal household, Harem and in the civil and military administration,[86][87] and by that becoming their way of eventually becoming an integral part of the society. By the time of Isml I, the orders sixth head, the afavs commanded enough support from the Kizilbashlocal Turkmens and other disaffected heterodox tribesto enable him to capture Tabrz from the Ak Koyunlu (Turkish: White Sheep), an Uzbek Turkmen confederation. Russo-Persian War (1651-1653) - Wikipedia Over the following centuries the brotherhood became stronger, by attracting local warlords and by political marriages. Meeting with little success, Abbs engaged in a major army reform. Among these, the founder of one of the most successful f orders, Shh Ni'matullh Wal (d. 1431), traced his descent from the first Isml Imam, Muhammad ibn Isml, as evidenced in a poem as well as another unpublished literary composition. [83] According to Encyclopdia Iranica, this would be the starting point for the corps of the olmn-e a-ye-e arifa, or royal slaves, who would dominate the Safavid military for most of the empire's length. Each town had their own troop of wrestlers, called Pahlavans. [179] There were large Shii communities in some cities like Qom and Sabzevar as early as the 8th century. Soleymn agreed to permit Safavid Shia pilgrims to make pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina as well as tombs of imams in Iraq and Arabia on condition that the shah would abolish the taburru, the cursing of the first three Rashidun caliphs. 2205. According to the French jeweller Jean Chardin, the variety in agricultural products in Iran was unrivaled in Europe and consisted of fruits and vegetables never even heard of in Europe. Due to the great spiritual charisma of Safi al-Din, the order was later known as the Safaviyya. [156], A proper term for the Safavid society is what we today can call a meritocracy, meaning a society in which officials were appointed on the basis of worth and merit, and not on the basis of birth. The Safavid order soon gained great influence in the city of Ardabil, and Hamdullah Mustaufi noted that most of the people of Ardabil were followers of Safi al-Din. The land-borne trade would thus continue to provide the bulk of revenues to the Iranian state from transit taxes. The main issue involved the expansion of a Russian garrison on the Koy Su River, as well as the construction of several new fortresses, in particular the . Except for Shah Abbas II, the Safavid rulers after Abbas I were largely ineffectual. Not only did the invasions bring about the end of the Abbasid empire and leave the centre of eastern Islamdom fractured, but the arrival of new Turkic peoples and dynasties throughout much of Islamdom shifted the axes of power into the hands of Turkic clans. This agreement concisted of five elements: land, water, plough-animals, seed and labour. The Byzantine Empire saw itself as a continuation of the Roman Empire. [48] Although Ismil was defeated and his capital was captured, the Safavid empire survived. In Esposito, John L. Blow, David. "afavid Dynasty". Their sport also provided the masses with entertainment and spectacle. It was certainly not homogenousmaybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century. This extensive development of architecture was rooted in Persian culture and took form in the design of schools, baths, houses, caravanserai and other urban spaces such as bazaars and squares. On Tahmsps death support for a successor coalesced around two of his nine sons; the support divided on ethnic linesIsmail was supported by most of the Turkmen tribes as well as his sister Pari Khn Khnum, her Circassian uncle Shamkhal Sultan as well as the rest of the Circassians, while Haydar was mostly supported by the Georgians at court although he also had support from the Turkmen Ustajlu. [48], Shah Abbas realized that in order to retain absolute control over his empire without antagonizing the Qizilbash, he needed to create reforms that reduced the dependency that the shah had on their military support. Mughal Military. Moreover, Shah Abbas's conversion to a ghulam-based military, though expedient in the short term, had, over the course of a century, weakened the country's strength by requiring heavy taxation and control over the provinces. The war between the two powers continued under Ismil's son, Emperor Tahmasp I, and the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, until Shah Abbs retook the area lost to the Ottomans by 1602. [141], Due to his obsessive fear of assassination, Shah Abbas either put to death or blinded any member of his family who aroused his suspicion. Although no one could have bristled more at the power grab of his "mentor" Murshid Quli Khan, he rounded up the leaders of a plot to assassinate the wakl and had them executed. [139], More came of Abbas's contacts with the English, although England had little interest in fighting against the Ottomans. This variety of Persian Turkish must have been also spoken in the Caucasian and Transcaucasian regions, which during the 16th century belonged to both the Ottomans and the Safavids, and were not fully integrated into the Safavid empire until 1606. [100] None of the perpetrators were brought to justice, although the shah lectured the assembled amirs on how they departed from the old ways when the shah was master to his Sufi disciples. The works of al-Razi (86592) (known to the West as Razes) were still used in European universities as standard textbooks of alchemy, pharmacology and pediatrics. RELATIONS IN THE SAFAVID PERIOD. [3] The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shsm as the state religion of Iran, as well as spreading Sha Islam in major parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia. Thirdly there was horsemanship. [164], As noted before, a key aspect of the Persian character was its love of luxury, particularly on keeping up appearances. [182] However, shortly thereafter Muhammad Baqir Behbahani (died 1792), along with other Usuli mujtahids, crushed the Akhbari movement. [192], The only field within medicine where some progress were made was pharmacology, with the compilement of the "Tibb-e Shifai" in 1556. The first two years of Tahmsp's reign was consumed with Div Sultns efforts to eliminate Ustajlu from power.
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