This discussion on states and boundaries leads us into the main topic of this AP Human Geography study guide, devolution. Geographers have called Eastern Europe a shatterbelt. the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. The United Kingdom is an example of devolution because England has given some powers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland who are the other countries in the United Kingdom. Ethnicity and religion increase cultural cohesion in the country by promoting shared political ideology. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. . Devolution is the transfer of jurisdiction over territorial lands from the Canadian federal government to the territorial governments. Devolution: A Canadian Solution to Excessive Federal Ownership of During the late 20th century, however, groups in both federal and unitary systems increasingly sought to reduce the power of central governments by devolving power to local or regional governments. Here are a few examples of Balkanization: Yugoslavia: The breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s is often cited as an example of Balkanization. 1. 1a. There were also proposals to introduce regional assemblies in England. All Rights Reserved 2021 Theme: Prefer by. Violet is tired of living by her parents' rules because she has different needs and interests. In 1989, the Iron Curtain collapsed, the Berlin Wall fell, and the devolution process was instrumental in forming the contemporary states present today in Eastern Europe. The Fulani waged jihad (religious wars) across West Africa for centuries, culminating in the wars of Usman dan Fodio against Hausa states and then what was left of the Kanem-Bornu Empire, establishing the large and powerful Sokoto Caliphate in 1804. Ethnic tensions between the different groups within Yugoslavia, as well as the influence of external actors, contributed to the breakup of the state and the creation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Slovenia. They begrudgingly admired Northerners as "civilized" because of the scholarly written Islamic tradition stretching back centuries. Traditional rulers such as obas, emirs, and sultans do not have governing powers in Nigeria but have enormous influence. The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. If you chose religion as a centripetal force, you might talk about Hinduism in . Nigeria has a court system that combines a US-like structure but incorporates four types of law to accommodate its history and culture. However, they can also exist within unitary states, where they are granted a degree of self-governance by the central government. - Definition, Violations & History, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. a. adopting English as an official language b. forcing indigenous groups to attend national boarding schools c. a strong central government refusing to share power with a separatist group d. joining the European Union e. a referendum calling for Scottish independence All the kids have to follow the rules regardless of which room they occupy. The process of moving from centralized to decentralized power is called devolution. Devolution became a major political issue in the United Kingdom beginning in the early 1970s. Learn more about our school licenses here. 311 lessons. Professor of Political Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, and Director of Policy and Research at Search for Common Ground USA. Governments can ban media from broadcasting information, news, websites or other media regarding an ethnic, religious, or political groups who intend to devolve the state or reform the government. Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity. 3 - The National Assembly Complex in Abuja, built in 1999. The strong devolutionary forces that advocate for nation-state status are challenged by the need to belong to a larger union for economic survival. What is the healthiest blood type to have. In the 1990s the three southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and Parana elected a leader and demanded independence for the Republic of the Pampas. Countries with remote frontiers, isolated villages, rugged topography, or islands seek to be separate from their countrys central government. Devolution in Sudan: Example, Facts & Causes | StudySmarter It was a communist state, but was not aligned with the Soviets. Unit 7: Compare Rostow & Wallerstein Models of Development . #326 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces - Google Slides This process of decentralization distributes power to territories that want more authority over their own affairs. Ukraine is a multi-ethnic state with a complex political landscape, and regional and ethnic tensions have contributed to the emergence of competing power centers. 2 0 obj The former Soviet Union is a classic example of devolution. Keep reading to learn more about the causes for devolution in Nigeria, the effects, and more. The creation of new countries has been possible as a result of devolutionary forces. Sub-nationalism can be a controversial issue, as it can lead to conflicts with the central government and may pose challenges to national unity. Relinquishing of autonomy to internal units, Process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. This agreement established a devolved government in Northern Ireland. Its 100% free. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. Customary law is the fourth category and recognizes the customs, traditions, and ruling structures of hundreds of ethnic nations. This time, they went for the US model: a president as head of government and head of state, over the Executive Branch; a Judicial Branch; a Legislative Branch with a bicameral legislature (National Assembly with Senate and House of Representatives). - Definition, History & Examples, Strict & Loose Constructions of the Constitution, U.S. For the Free Response section of the AP Human Geography exam, we have included an example from the 2005 AP Human Geography Exam. Sudan: The breakup of Sudan in 2011 is another example of Balkanization. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Sub-nationalists may seek to establish or strengthen the powers of regional or local governments, or they may advocate for the creation of an autonomous region or even independence from the central government. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. It can also help to reduce the burden on the central government and allow it to focus on issues of national importance. Discontent is so extreme that militant Ijaw of the Niger Delta to the West, who have suffered human rights abuses for decades and fought their own guerrilla wars over oil with the federal government, have voiced support for the Igbo. Divisive forces threaten a countrys sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. In September 1997, Scotland and Wales held votes for greater autonomy from London. Tibet: Tibet is an autonomous region in China with a high degree of self-governance and a unique cultural and religious identity. Spatial factors are another force at play in devolution. Devolution: Examples | What Does Devolution of Power Mean? - Video If one region is much more economically independent or richer, they will want to separate while the other region will want them to stay. Japan and Lesotho are good examples of nation-states. Federalism is a form of government where the individual regions have control and sovereignty over themselves while still falling under umbrella of the country's political structure. Hawaii also has a group of natives who want to separate from the United States. Though the ethnic hatreds across Nigeria involving Fulani cannot be understated, it is the pastoralists' encroachment on the former Biafra separatist region in the southeast that is creating the greatest devolutionary threat. Regional economic differences 3. The examples in the table show states that gained or lost United States House of Representatives districts based on 2010 census data. - Definition & Meaning, Witness: Definition & Role in Criminology, What is a Public Defender? Some may be largely symbolic, while others can speak for entire cultural groups on many important issues. Breakup of a state (balkanization), Breakup of a state, e.g., Yugoslavia/Balkans, former U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Austria-Hungary, British India. A leading example of devolution was the delegation in 1998 and 1999 of substantial powers and authority in the United Kingdom to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. That is the case of the Scots in Great Britain. Indeed, devolution hasn't stifled the growth of these independent identities. Examples of Centrifugal Forces Irredentism --an external country may seek to expand its territory by appealing to people of the same culture living as a minority in a nearby country Pakistan. The fact that the twice-elected President Buhari, once a military leader as well, is a Fulani himself, has led to charges that the Federal government is Northerner-biased, Muslim-biased, and Fulani-biased, and that it turns a blind eye to the herder-farmer conflicts across much of the country in which thousands have died. devolution, the transfer of power from a central government to subnational (e.g., state, regional, or local) authorities. In 1987, Slobodan Miloevi came to power and ruled over almost a decade of ethnic violence that left thousands dead. The Muslim-Christian divide has been enflamed by the herder-farmer conflict and animosity against Fulanis. 1c. Those countries were either dictatorships or had fragile democratic systems, but even advanced democracies with devolved powers (e.g., Spain, Canada, UK), also have regions where sentiment and actions have favored secession. But what if you want democracy? (Adapted from: 2019 AP Human Geography Exam) Time Allotted: 25 minutes (plus 5 minutes to submit) AREAS OF POTENTIAL DEVOLUTION IN SPAIN AND NIGERIA The number of states in the world has grown to approximately 200. Remember, in this context; a state refers to a country and not a subdivision of the United States. Sign up to highlight and take notes. FRQ Examples Free-Response Question 1: No stimulus For FRQ 1, you will receive a short piece of background text followed by a series of questions. In some cases, devolution may involve the transfer of decision-making authority over certain policy areas, such as education or health care, from the central government to regional or local governments. The movement is driven by a desire to protect the Basque language and culture, and to give the people of the Basque region more control over their own affairs. Devolutionary Forces Around the World by Sebastian Rodriguez - Prezi The state or the military takes total control and can quell any rebellion or civil conflict before it begins. Factors such as the presence of a distinct regional or local identity, the history of relations between different levels of government, and the extent to which regional or local traditions and practices are valued can all influence the devolutionary process. Groups that have ethno-nationalist views see themselves as distinct nations with the right to control their own territory. Answer: Divisive forces threaten a country's sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. As with any colonial regime, tactics of divide and conquer ended up pitting ethnic nations against each other, a recipe for disaster for an independent Nigeria. Governments can counter devolutionary groups and democracy movements with pro-government applications, information, news or media. Define both terms and give a geographic example for each, B. The ultimate review guides for AP subjects to help you plan and structure your prep. Devolution may occur as one region of a state feels disconnected spatially and physically from the state. Six of the World's Most Worrisome Disputed Territories Now with over 200 million people and Africa's largest economy, Nigeria has survived as a single country despite enormous problems. Give two examples of how the core-periphery concept can be applied below the national scale. If they aren't able to benefit economically, as happened to the Ijaw people in the Niger Delta with oil, ethnic separatism can result. Ethnic separatism occurs when minority groups fight for independence. Londons decision to join the EU Scottish nationalism and during the 1990s, the Scottish National Party encouraged devolution. The Western Region, already dissolving from infighting, was not happy about this. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. 1. Spains economy could and probably will crash if Catalonia Lee, additionally Spanish culture will be split. endobj Our planet is divided into political units called countries or states. Ethnonationalism Catalonia has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and cultural affairs within its borders. Economies of Scale Examples & Types | What are Economies of Scale? <> However, debates still rage over whether enough power was devolved in the U.K. 3: National Assembly (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg) by Kabusa16 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kabusa16) licensed by CC BY-S.A. 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). Through the separation of powers, the legislature, executive branch, and judicial branch work together to govern the country at the federal level; states have governors and their own governments. Transfer of decision making power from a central government to a lower level or the break up of states. See also home rule. 4 0 obj What system of government does Nigeria use? Ethnicity and religion lead to devolutionary pressures in the country by politically dividing regions. In 2014, Scotland held a vote for full independence. What are the three types of devolutionary forces? Failed examples included Sudan, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. The notion of the modern state developed in Europe in the early eighteenth century. They may have a lot of power, just not governing power. 2: Biafra map (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg) by Eric Gaba (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Sting) licensed by CC BY-S.A 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Fig. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. International factors: International factors, such as the influence of international organizations or the presence of regional or international actors, can also shape the devolutionary process. %PDF-1.5 Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. A federal state gives local political units like states or provinces within that country a measure of power. Haiti gained their independence from France because they desired to become their own nation without ties to a European power. Europeans used military force, cultural domination, and formal control from the mother country to monitor their territories. Can you allow people basic freedoms, including voting, and assume they won't use this power to break away anyway? The kids living on the main floors don't have an issue because it's easy to either quickly heat or cool their rooms when they get home. In the North, extremist groups, such as Boko Haram, associated with al Qaeda or the Islamic State (ISIS), have waged genocidal wars on Christians and Muslims alike since the 2000s. The end of the Cold War saw the breakup of the former Soviet Union. The Scottish people have a very different cultural heritage than the English. 2 - Outline of the Republic of Biafra (approximate borders), 1967-1970. Devolution threatens to lead to state collapse due to inter-ethnic strife and hatred, perceived unequal treatment by the federal government, corruption, and unequal access to resources such as oil. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Independence: Devolution becomes desirable when smaller regions want to break from the central government and become an independent state. Read about devolution in Europe and the UK, reasons for devolution, and devolution vs federalism. Nomadic pastoralists, principally Fulani cattle herders, have traditionally had difficult relationships with farmers of many ethnicities and religions. An example of devolution would be the British government transferring powers to Scotland in 1999. These challenges raise questions about the role that national governments play in the global political system in light of organizations acting out on the world stage. because of the conflicts and divisions that have occurred there. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. DOC Europe 1: Supranationalism and Devolution - University of Missouri-St Three Basic Devolutionary Forces 1) Ethic Forces 2) Economic Forces 3) Spatial Forces Ethic Forces (ethnocentral) A state contains strong ethnic groups with identities that differ from those of the majority. This rule applies to all the rooms. B_" .s 4~7*D^FP:M"}T Zpp`*b~V5x28 NNPf5~6V5C?GCpPP>'.L+}(e*at~*]]f{PfuNa/eW # Describe how each of the following forces contributes to devolutionary pressures within a country. Create your account. For a multinational state with 500+ languages spoken and strong animosities between South and North, this was a way tensions could ease, it was thought. Those actors can and do affect nations sovereignty and have been dealt with in many ways, from conciliatory to harshly. PDF Devolution: AP Human Geography Crash Course - West Linn-Wilsonville =:9nq5ne K W9JEn 1 0 obj The military governed reunited Nigeria until 1979 when there was a 4-year democratic interlude called the Second Nigerian Republic, with a new constitution. The House and the Senate comprise the National Assembly. That process might lead to calls for a devolved government. If you look at many modern day boundaries, you will see they are geometric, drawn up by Europeans during the colonial period, with no regard to ethnic division. False. In Nigeria, with climate change, access to medicines that make cattle more resistant to diseases and the tsetse fly, and government support, Fulani pastoralists have been forced or enabled (depending on whether you take the side of the herders or the farmers) to move ever southward through the Middle Belt. Violet is 19 years old, goes to community college, and still lives at home. It's important to understand that those powers can be taken away without notice. Belgium is distinctly divided into two distinct regions, the Flemish in the north and the Walloons in the south. Kurdistan has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and economic development within its borders. Some examples include a shared religion, external threats, a stable government, and a common language. Advertisement Previous Next Farming, Ranching & Gardening in Most-Developed Countries, Agricultural Production Regions Associated With Bioclimatic Zones, Prorupted State, Elongated State & Fragmented State | Concepts, Examples & Shapes. This is the basic idea behind devolution. All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. The movement of power from a central government to regional governments (or subnational governments). Prior to the 1980s France was one of the most centralized states in the world. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Similar forces are also felt in other regions of the world. On Sept. 11, 1997, voters in Scotland overwhelmingly backed the creation of a Scottish Parliament with tax-raising authority, and one week later Welsh voters narrowly approved the creation of the Welsh Assembly; both bodies began sittings in 1999. Another example of devolution is Spain. Support for the scope of devolution differed in both Scotland and Wales and affected the proposals; Scotland was offered a parliament that would have the ability to pass legislation and set some of its own taxation rates, while the Welsh Assembly would have neither power and instead would be primarily vested with the ability to determine how legislation passed in London was implemented in Wales. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Despite subsidies, the development gap is growing. To ease this tension, the U.K. and Northern Ireland signed the 1998 Good Friday or Belfast Agreement. Unit 4 - Political Geography (Ch. 8) | Geography - Quizizz Unity, in other words, is not a quick or easy process. Devolution: AP Human Geography Crash Course | Albert.io They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. An error occurred trying to load this video. There are many different types of autonomous regions, and the specific powers and responsibilities that are granted to them can vary depending on the context. Devolution Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster This issue might cause the basement and attic kids to approach the parents and ask if they could make their own rules regarding climate control because the current rules don't work for their situation. In the U.S. federalist system, state governments have the power to make their own laws and policies. Which has long been seen by opponents as the "favored" region in Nigeria, dating back to colonialism? Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Richer areas of the country can also feel put upon by having to provide subsidies to poorer ones. What is devolution? Economy There are several reasons why devolution would be desired. For example, the European Union has played a role in encouraging devolution within its member states as a way to promote regional integration and cooperation. England has still. . What are the three types of devolutionary forces? Catalonia routinely calls for full independence from Spain. These organizations range from stateless terrorist groups to cultural minorities within the state, to other countries seeking to expand their political-territorial aims. The central government may agree to devolution to ensure that a region remains part of the country but stops stirring up trouble. For example, the city of Quebec is built at the original head of navigation on the St. Lawrence River. Devolution and Challenges to Sovereignty notes.docx )Which of the following examples would be considered a devolutionary force? Review the most importanttopics in Physics and Algebra 1. Failed examples included Sudan, the USSR, and Yugoslavia. <> Meanwhile, tensions in Northern Ireland were running high. Countries such as Spain and Nigeria face devolutionary pressures. Babangida, who restored freedom of the press and carried out other measures to reform the system. The United Kingdom allowing for powers to be transferred to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland is just. Boundaries are thin, invisible markers that can be cultural, physical, or both. @XOZ? #^X %K9/XvnP }KjaT%]gFN3IeZ9,)~m[a Gsv$i]qwI{-IR)} TA?S$kQrjPk AP Human Geo - 4.8 Defining Devolutionary Factors | Fiveable Clashes have escalated at times into wars. Widely seen as massively corrupt, this republic was overthrown by the military under General I.B. But so far, devolution in Nigeria has worked without military rule now for over two decades. But these countries didn't always live in harmony and were independent nations at different points in history. To somewhat reduce the scope of power exercised by the central government, the socialist government of Pres. Quebec has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and cultural affairs within its borders. Sometimes, these boundaries change suddenly because of armed conflict or states change gradually through the process of devolution. o~TE4{4?vxq5_$aHgj'~5mZ5_=tl&U~\]57 3m$0s_`+n\m^6 )09,S~Vm%P:ez.D:;. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. New constitutions have devolved more power, given more people a voice, and theoretically have made it more difficult for people in power to amass great fortunes, but both military and civilian leaders have been able to thrive regardless. Scotland is in a constant battle for devolution with England and was recently denied further devolution from England in 2014. In terms of religion, Nigeria has historically had extreme tensions between and among Muslims and Christians, and between both these groups and practitioners of traditional religions. Sudan was a multi-ethnic state that was composed of several regions with distinct cultural and linguistic identities. Nigeria's Fourth Republic has stood since then, with multiple peaceful transfers of power from administration to administration. The same decentralization that has saved Nigeria thus far has also created many problems: Gold in the north and oil in the south have been the source of conflict since the beginning. Devolution: What is it and how does it work across the UK? But the challenges the "giant of Africa" faces are still grave. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Another ethnic minority seeking more autonomy are the Tamils in Sri Lanka. During the Victorian Era, England was constantly invading and controlling their neighboring countries. Devolution in Nigeria: Federalism & Examples | StudySmarter Obviously lost in population, and breaking up of families. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. Nigeria uses a presidential system and is a federal republic with a bicameral legislature.