Many were children of white planters and enslaved mothers, or free women of color. Duncan was born in Redmond, Washington, and attended Western Washington University, attaining a degree in political science with a minor in philosophy. [95] According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics, "Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died, as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers. [137], The nascent state's future was hobbled in 1825 when France under Charles X forced it (with French warships anchored off the coast during the negotiations[138]) to pay 150 million gold francs in reparations to French ex-slaveholdersas a condition of French political recognition and to end the newly formed state's political and economic isolation. He believes the greatest difference between America and Rome is that compared to Rome, America has only spent a short time on the world stage. There was a lot of tension between the grand blancs and the petit blancs who were vying for power and control in the colony. Revolutions | Podcasts on Audible | Audible.com Although the series of events during these years is known under the name of "Haitian Revolution", alternative views suggest that the entire affair was an assorted number of coincidental conflicts that ended with a fragile truce between free men of color and blacks. [163] The revolution culminated in 1804; Haiti was an independent state solely of freed peoples. The Haitian Revolution brought about two unintended consequences: the creation of a continental America and the virtual end of Napoleonic rule in the Americas.[157]. Thanks, and keep up the amazing work! [122] His secretary Boisrond-Tonnerre stated, "For our declaration of independence, we should have the skin of a white man for parchment, his skull for an inkwell, his blood for ink, and a bayonet for a pen! [34] The death rate in the Caribbean exceeded the birth rate, so imports of enslaved Africans were necessary to maintain the numbers required to work the plantations. [68] The convention deputies agreed and made the dramatic decree that "slavery of the blacks is abolished in all the colonies; consequently, it decrees that all men living in the colonies, without distinction of color, are French citizens and enjoy all the rights guaranteed by the constitution".[68][69]. [79] The overall forces in St Domingue was at that time under the command of the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, Sir Adam Williamson. The country was damaged from years of war, its agriculture devastated, its formal commerce nonexistent. Fick, Carolyn. When slaves left the plantations or disobeyed their masters, they were subject to whipping or to more extreme torture such as castration or burning, the punishment being both a personal lesson and a warning for other slaves. Those who refused were slaughtered. [158] A huge majority of the supporters of the Haitian revolution were slaves and freed Africans who were severely discriminated against by colonial society and the law. A small comment about the name of the colony. Todd Halwas | The Mexican Revolution - Every 5 Days. What is the Significance of the Haitian Revolution? [106] By the end of March, 5,000 French soldiers had died of yellow fever and another 5,000 were hospitalized with yellow fever, leading to a worried Leclerc to write in his diary: "The rainy season has arrived. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. [104] The Haitians burned down Logne and killed all of the French with the Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James writing of Dessalines's actions at Logne: "Men, women and children, indeed all the whites who came into his hands, he massacred. [13] However, the Haitian Revolution quickly became a test of the new French republic, as it radicalized the slavery question and forced French leaders to recognize the full meaning of their stated ideology. While Haiti suffered major economic setbacks during the early years of the post revolutionary era, the ideals of freedom and anti-colonialism never ceased to be part of the Haitian consciousness. On 20 September 1793, about 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jrmie to be greeted with shouts of, "Vivent les Anglais!" What was the spark that finally lit the fire? ), Following Dessaline's assassination, another of Toussaint's black generals, Henri Christophe, succeeded his in control of the north, while Alexandre Ption presided over mulatto rule in the south. Joan Dayan, Haiti, History and the Gods (University of California Press, 1998) Laurent Dubois, Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution (Harvard University Press, 2004). He further thought that taking Saint-Domingue, the richest of the French colonies, would be a useful bargaining chip in eventual peace negotiations with France, and in the interim, occupying Saint-Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury. King Louis issued the Code Noir in 1685 to regulate slavery and punishment, but it was never really followed in the colony. [13] The commodity crops were traded for European goods. Tour dates and links: Sept. 6 Madison -- Mystery to Me Sept. 7 Chicago -- Seminary Co-Op Sept. 8 Portland -- Powell's Books Sept. 9 Seattle -- Elliott Bay Book Company Sept. 12 Boulder -- Boulder Book Store Sept. 13 Denver -- Tattered Cover (Aspen Grove) Sept. 14 Dallas -- Interrobang Books Sept. 15 Austin -- Bookpeople Sept. 16 Houston -- Brazos Books Sept. 19 New Orleans -- Garden District Book Shop Sept. 20 Atlanta -- Carter Center w/ A Capella Books Sept. 21 Chapel Hill -- Flyleaf Books Sept. 22 Raleigh -- Quail Ridge Books Sept. 24 Winston-Salem -- Bookmarks Book Festival, The word revolution means coming full circle, so it seems like the best way to begin the end. [14] They used the threat and acts of physical violence to maintain control and suppress efforts at rebellion. And all of these groups were against the slaves. Many plantations had large concentrations of slaves from a particular region of Africa, and it was therefore somewhat easier for these groups to maintain elements of their culture, religion, and language. Matthias Middell, Megan Maruschke, The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization (2019), p. 71. On 4 April 1792, The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in saint-Domingue. Michle Montas witnessed the impact from the control room of Radio Haiti-Inter, which carefully began challenging the dictatorship of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier after Carter said U.S. aid would depend on the growth of a civil society. By this point, his armies had made great strides. In October 1790, another wealthy free man of color, Vincent Og, demanded the right to vote under the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. [139] By an order of 17 April 1825, the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty over Santo Domingo, and recognized the independence of Haiti. Then sugar was introduced. The Blockade of Saint-Domingue not only cut the French forces out from reinforcements and supplies from France, but also meant that the British began to supply arms to the Haitians. [105] One of the French columns was commanded by General Donatien de Rochambeau, a proud white supremacist and a supporter of slavery who detested the Haitians for wanting to be free. D | As a result, many Polish soldiers admired their opponents, to eventually turn on the French army and join the Haitian slaves. [74] Whyte took Port-au-Prince, but Sonthonax and the French forces were allowed to leave in exchange for not burning the sugar-loaded ships. [119] One of Rochambeau's ships was almost wrecked while leaving the harbour, but was saved by a British lieutenant acting alone, who not only rescued the 900 people on board, but also refloated the ship. [120] The Haitians had paid a high price for their freedom, losing about 200,000 dead between 1791 and 1803, and unlike the majority of the European dead, who were killed by yellow fever, the majority of the Haitian dead were the victims of violence.[45]. "The Haitian Revolution." [30], In 1789, Saint-Domingue produced 60% of the world's coffee and 40% of the sugar imported by France and Britain. Many Poles believed that if they fought for France, Bonaparte would reward them by restoring Polish independence, which had been ended with the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. [160] Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million. Anti-abolitionist critics of the revolution dubbed it "the horrors of Santo Domingo". REVOLUTION LIFESTYLE. What is the Significance of the Haitian Revolution? Finally, in 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte decided that the rebellion in Haitinow having dragged on for a decadeneeded to be put down once and for all. ", Web pages for FRD Country Studies are subject to changes of URL. [90], Between 1793 and 1798, the expedition to Saint-Domingue had cost the British treasury four million pounds and 100,000 men either dead or permanently disabled from the effects of yellow fever. [106], After the Battle of Crte--Pierrot, the Haitians abandoned conventional warfare and reverted to guerrilla tactics, making the French hold over much of the countryside from Le Cap down to the Artibonite valley very tenuous. One of the state's first significant documents was Dessaliness' "Liberty or Death" speech, which circulated broadly in the foreign press. Finally, in 1819, the new mulatto leader, Jean-Pierre Boyer, sent six regiments into the Grand-Anse to ferret out Goman. Greg Jenner is joined by Professor Marlene Daut and comedian Athena Kugblenu to examine the events and aftermath of the revolution in Haiti, the first nation to abolish slavery. The portrait of Belley by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson depicts a man who encompasses the French view of its colonies, creating a stark dichotomy between the refinement of Enlightenment thought and the reality of the situation in Saint-Domingue, through the bust of Raynal and the figure of Belley, respectively. 09 December 2015 at 05:12 PM. The poor whites couldn't stand the rich whites, the rich whites despised the poor whites, the middle-class whites were jealous of the aristocratic whites, the whites born in France looked down upon the locally born whites, mulattoes envied the whites, despised the blacks and were despised by the whites; free Negroes brutalized those who were still slaves, Haitian born blacks regarded those from Africa as savages. Its very timely."[40]. [135] In the 1805 constitution that declared all its citizens as black,[136] it specifically mentions the naturalizations of German and Polish peoples enacted by the government, as being exempt from Article XII that prohibited whites ("non-Haitians;" foreigners) from owning land. [93] To the United States, Rigaud's ties to France represented a threat to American commerce. Next: The Haitian Revolution. Greg Jenner is joined by Professor Marlene Daut and comedian Athena Kugblenu to examine the events and aftermath of the 18th century revolution in Haiti, the first nation to abolish slavery. [113], Dessalines and Ption remained allied with France until they switched sides again, in October 1802, and fought against the French. This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs. Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution. [151] The American President Thomas Jeffersonwho was a slaveholder himselfrefused to establish diplomatic relations with Haiti (the United States did not recognize Haiti until 1862) and imposed an economic embargo on trade with Haiti that also lasted until 1862 in an attempt to ensure the economic failure of the new republic as Jefferson wanted Haiti to fail, regarding a successful slave revolt in the West Indies as a dangerous example for American slaves.[152]. [84] Simcoe used the new British troops to push back the Haitians under Toussaint, but in a counter-offensive, Toussaint and Rigaud stopped the offensive. On 24 July another British squadron intercepted the main French squadron from Cap Franais, which was attempting to break past the blockade and reach France. 04 April 2017 at 07:32 AM. "Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions." Posted by: [126] Many of the workers likened the new labor system to slavery, much like Toussaint L'Ouverture's system, which caused resentment between Dessalines and his people. [94], In the early 21st century, historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops. Revolutions - Map roughly showing Haiti and The Cordon of the West Thomas E. Weil, Jan Knippers Black, Howard I. Blustein, Kathryn T. Johnston, David S. McMorris, Frederick P. Munson. In 2018 Duncan relocated to Paris, France in order to do research for his 2021 book Hero Of Two Worlds, a biography on the Marquis de Lafayette. [7], Duncan's interest in Roman history grew from a "general interest in ancient civilizations." [32] Duncan has also expressed interest in developing a TV series based on the biography, having drafted a pilot script for the proposed show. It covers the English revolution, the American revolution, the French revolution, the Haitian revolution, the Spanish-American Wars of Independence, The July Revolution (1830 France),the Revolution of 1848, The Paris Commune, the Mexican revolution, and Russian Revolution (both 1905 and 1917). [105] All of the French assaults ended in total failure, and after the failure of their last attack, the Haitians charged the French, cutting down any Frenchmen. One British officer wrote of his horror of seeing his friends "drowned in their own blood" while "some died raving Mad". Slave quarters were built on the lowest part of the property where there was no wind or ventilation, and there was excessive heat and it was very crowded. [107] However, the surrender of Christophe, Toussaint, and Dessalines did not mean the end of Haitian resistance. [115] Mass killings then took place on the streets and on places outside the cities. Posted by: For tickets to the October dates: Oct. 3 Austin TX @ Paramount Theater Oct. 4 San Francisco @ Palace of Fine Arts Oct. 5 Seattle @ Town Hall Oct. 25 Chicago @ Vic Theater Oct. 26 Boston @ The Wilbur Oct. 27 Washington DC @ Lisner Auditorium Oct. 29 Newark NJ @ New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way For tickets to the October dates: Oct. 3 Austin TX @ Paramount Theater Oct. 4 San Francisco @ Palace of Fine Arts Oct. 5 Seattle @ Town Hall Oct. 26 Boston @ The Wilbur Oct. 27 Washington DC @ Lisner Auditorium Oct. 29 Newark NJ @ New Jersey Performing Arts Center, [insert obligatory joke about being triggered] Upcoming live events! Its important to discuss Haiti because of its significance within the narrative of the political revolutions of the 18th century. In addition to Raynal's influence, Toussaint Louverture, a free black who was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European colonialism, would become a key "enlightened actor" in the Haitian Revolution. [114] Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes. Within the first couple of years, Toussaint LOuverture arose as a leader. [105] General Dugua was killed, Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead. [17], The planters and their families, together with the petite bourgeoisie of merchants and shopkeepers, were outnumbered by slaves by a factor of more than ten on Saint-Domingue. As the French retreated, Haiti, which had once been called the "Pearl of the Antilles", the richest French colony in the world, was impoverished, as its economy was in ruins after the revolution. The economy was based on small multi-crop ventures. Many of them joined Toussaint's army. Two representatives went to France to try to demand these rights, and when they came back to Haiti, they were beaten to death in the town square. Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan - S4: Haitian Revolution - YouTube | The Christian Century Such an interesting revolution. "[96] Yellow fever caused the most deaths. In April 1791, a massive black insurgency in the north of the island rose violently against the plantation system, setting a precedent of resistance to racial slavery. Arthur S. | Posted by: Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. The colony was not only the most profitable possession of the French colonial empire, but it was the wealthiest and most prosperous colony in the Caribbean. Before his arrival, there were only a few killings, despite his orders. The grands blancs in Saint-Domingue, unhappy with Sonthonax, arranged with Britain to declare British sovereignty over the colony, believing that the British would maintain slavery. They were killed by guillotine, "breaking at the wheel", mobs and other death machines: death toll estimates range from 18,000 to 40,000. In 1791 the slaves of the French colony of Sant-Domingue rose up against their colonial masters and after a long and bloody struggle, defeated them to found the state of Haiti. In the north of the country, the French forces were isolated in the two large ports of Cap Franais and Mle-Saint-Nicolas and a few smaller settlements, all supplied by a French naval force based primarily at Cap Franais. Louverture took on this inconsistency directly in his constitution. John E. Baur honors Haiti as home of the most influential revolution in history.[166]. [39] Rian Johnson was listening to the History of Rome podcast as he was writing the script for Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Led by charismatic leaders such as Toussaint Louverture it was the only example of a successful slave revolution and the state that was founded was one free of slavery. [86] Rigaud took control of Jeremie without any cost to his forces, as Maitland withdrew his southern forces to Jamaica. [147] In the opposing camp, African American historian W. E. B. BBC Radio 4 - You're Dead To Me, The Haitian Revolution What The Haitian Revolution Tells Us About The U.S. Movement For - NPR Although he lasted from 1804 to 1806, several changes began taking place in Haiti. After a few decades of fighting, in 1697 the Spanish ceded the western part of the island to the French, who named their colony Saint-Domingue. It involved black, biracial, French, Spanish, British, and Polish participantswith the ex-slave Toussaint Louverture emerging as Haiti's most prominent general. In addition, the French employed cruel punishment techniques. Benjamin Wittes, after hearing the first two episodes of Revolutions, called the podcast "informative, engaging, told in Duncan's usual easygoing, somewhat comic style that packs a lot of history into relatively brief discussions". The book was published 24 August 2021 and in September of that same year, it reached number three on the New York Times Bestseller List. This seems like an incredibly volatile situation to begin with. [60] Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was Pitt's Secretary of State for War, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists that promised to restore the Ancien Rgime, slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson. On 31 October, Polverel did the same in the other two western and southern provinces. Its also highly profitable, so more and more plantations were established, and more and more slaves were imported. After the establishment of the French First Republic, the National Assembly made radical changes to French laws and, on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, declaring all men free and equal. The Most Important Revolutions That Shaped World History The existence of slavery in Enlightened society was an incongruity that had been left unaddressed by European scholars prior to the French Revolution. [Update: I also now realize you can't get the street view guy on this map but you should still go drop in on Place Joachim du Bellay to get an idea of what this all looked like. Haiti struggled to recover economically from the war. He warned, "the Africans only want a chief, sufficiently courageous, to lead them on to vengeance and slaughter".
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