Brontosaurus (/ b r n t s r s /; meaning "thunder lizard" from Greek , bront "thunder" and , sauros "lizard") is a genus of gigantic quadruped sauropod dinosaurs.Although the type species, B. excelsus, had long been considered a species of the closely related Apatosaurus and therefore invalid, researchers proposed in 2015 that Brontosaurus is a . [315][316], Whether the Deccan Traps were a major cause of the extinction, on par with the Chicxulub impact, remains uncertain. Potato-of-All-Trades 2 yr. ago B r u h Ray-Misuto 2 yr. ago [237] After the work of Gerhard Heilmann in the early 20th century, the theory of birds as dinosaur descendants was abandoned in favor of the idea of them being descendants of generalized thecodonts, with the key piece of evidence being the supposed lack of clavicles in dinosaurs. [27] Some are herbivorous, others carnivorous, including seed-eaters, fish-eaters, insectivores, and omnivores. [276], At the time of the K-Pg extinction, the Deccan Traps flood basalts of India were actively erupting. Single-task at best. [138] The mode of Mesozoic dinosaur body masses is between 1 to 10 metric tons (1.1 to 11.0 short tons). [174] While some early bird-like species may have already been arboreal as well (including dromaeosaurids) such as Microraptor[175]) most non-avialan dinosaurs seem to have relied on land-based locomotion. Instead they vocalize with novel organ called the syrinx, located further down the trachea. [283][284] End-Cretaceous trends in diversity may have varied between dinosaur lineages: it has been suggested that sauropods were not in decline, while ornithischians and theropods were in decline. [51][52], The study of these "great fossil lizards" soon became of great interest to European and American scientists, and in 1842 the English paleontologist Sir Richard Owen coined the term "dinosaur", using it to refer to the "distinct tribe or sub-order of Saurian Reptiles" that were then being recognized in England and around the world. Many valuable dinosaur specimens were damaged or destroyed due to the pair's rough methods: for example, their diggers often used dynamite to unearth bones. In the Bible, it says that God created Adam and Eve then God created land animals. [170] Cannibalism amongst some species of dinosaurs was confirmed by tooth marks found in Madagascar in 2003, involving the theropod Majungasaurus. Birds are thus considered to be dinosaurs and dinosaurs are, therefore, not extinct. Large and medium-sized herbivorous and omnivorous dinosaurs such as ceratopsians, sauropodomorphs, hadrosaurids, ornithomimosaurs may have been cathemeral, active during short intervals throughout the day, although the small ornithischian Agilisaurus was inferred to be diurnal. Dinosaurs today inhabit every continent, and fossils show that they had achieved global distribution by at least the Early Jurassic epoch. [265] The ratio between egg volume and body mass of adults among these dinosaurs suggest that the eggs were primarily brooded by the male, and that the young were highly precocial, similar to many modern ground-dwelling birds. It is built on a fraudulent model to try and disprove the true creation history that was passed down from ancient texts. [165][166] However, this lifestyle is uncommon among modern birds, crocodiles, and other reptiles, and the taphonomic evidence suggesting mammal-like pack hunting in such theropods as Deinonychus and Allosaurus can also be interpreted as the results of fatal disputes between feeding animals, as is seen in many modern diapsid predators. Story continues below . Enlarge this image Apatosaurus (right, opposite a Diplodocus skeleton at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh), is what paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh actually found when he. Gideon Mantell recognized similarities between his fossils and the bones of modern iguanas. In 2021, the best preserved specimen of a dinosaur's cloacal vent exterior was described for Psittacosaurus, demonstrating lateral swellings similar to crocodylian musk glands used in social displays by both sexes and pigmented regions which could also reflect a signalling function. [150], The largest carnivorous dinosaur was Spinosaurus, reaching a length of 12.6 to 18 meters (41 to 59ft), and weighing 7 to 20.9 metric tons (7.7 to 23.0 short tons). 58 Comments on Dinosaurs Never Existed! [290] Now, the bulk of the evidence suggests that a bolide .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}5 to 15 kilometers (3 to 9+12 miles) wide impacted the Yucatn Peninsula 66 million years ago, forming this crater[291] and creating a "kill mechanism" that triggered the extinction event. But they sure did! [122] The general homogeneity of dinosaurian faunas continued into the Middle and Late Jurassic, where most localities had predators consisting of ceratosaurians, megalosauroids, and allosauroids, and herbivores consisting of stegosaurian ornithischians and large sauropods. These occur in both reptiles and birds and involve inflating the esophagus or tracheal pouches. Clockwise from top left: Apex of a deltopectoral crest (a projection on which the, Fourth trochanter asymmetrical, with distal, lower, margin forming a steeper angle to the shaft, Exoccipitals (bones at the back of the skull) do not meet along the midline on the floor of the endocranial cavity, the inner space of the braincase, In the pelvis, the proximal articular surfaces of the, Distinct proximodistally oriented (vertical) ridge present on the posterior face of the distal end of the tibia (the rear surface of the lower end of the shinbone), Concave articular surface for the fibula of the calcaneum (the top surface of the calcaneum, where it touches the fibula, has a hollow profile), "Dilophosaur-grade neotheropods" (larger kink-snouted dinosaurs), "Nexus of basal coelurosaurs" (used by Tweet to denote well-known taxa with unstable positions at the base of Coelurosauria), The arguments and many of the images are also presented in, This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 14:21. [148], There were larger dinosaurs, but knowledge of them is based entirely on a small number of fragmentary fossils. [179] Vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs is less certain. [194], However, there is ample evidence of precociality or superprecociality among many dinosaur species, particularly theropods. According to Bob Strauss, a reporter and author that has three books about science and dinosaurs on Thought.Co said a common reason people believe that dinosaurs never existed is because of religion. The misconception that non-avian dinosaurs were uniformly gigantic is based in part on preservation bias, as large, sturdy bones are more likely to last until they are fossilized. [202] An emerging consensus among researchers is that, while different lineages of dinosaurs would have had different metabolisms, most of them had higher metabolic rates than other reptiles but lower than living birds and mammals,[203] which is termed mesothermy by some. The rock unit in which the bone was discovered has been dated to the early Paleocene epoch, approximately 64.8 million years ago. Rebuttal To Feduccia 2002", 10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[0550:ACCOTT]2.0.CO;2, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19990815)285:2<146::AID-JEZ7>3.0.CO;2-A, "Study: Predatory Dinosaurs had Bird-Like Pulmonary System", "Meat-eating dinosaur from Argentina had bird-like breathing system", "A new troodontid dinosaur from China with avian-like sleeping posture", "Avian Paternal Care Had Dinosaur Origin", "A review of gastrolith function with implications for fossil vertebrates and a revised classification", "Mass extinction of birds at the CretaceousPaleogene (KPg) boundary", 20.500.11820/176e5907-26ec-4959-867f-0f2e52335f88, "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the CretaceousPaleogene boundary", Bulletin de la Socit Gologique de France, "The shape of Mesozoic dinosaur richness: a reassessment", "Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction", "A refined modelling approach to assess the influence of sampling on palaeobiodiversity curves: new support for declining Cretaceous dinosaur richness", "Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction", "Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction", "Shocked quartz in the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clays: Evidence for a global distribution", 10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<0867:CCAPCT>2.3.CO;2, 10.1130/0091-7613(1996)024<0527:SEOTCC>2.3.CO;2, "The Chicxulub asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary", "Asteroid impact, not volcanism, caused the end-Cretaceous dinosaur extinction", "Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic", "Global climate change driven by soot at the K-Pg boundary as the cause of the mass extinction", "Organic matter from the Chicxulub crater exacerbated the KPg impact winter", "Determination of rapid Deccan eruptions across the CretaceousTertiary boundary using paleomagnetic secular variation: 2. In traditional taxonomy, birds were considered a separate class that had evolved from dinosaurs, a distinct superorder. [314] Combined with mathematical modelling of the seismic waves that would have been generated by the impact, this has led to the suggestion that the Chicxulub impact may have triggered these eruptions by increasing the permeability of the mantle plume underlying the Deccan Traps. Humans have an excellent track record of absolutely destroying big and impressive megafauna if given half a chance. [180] The earliest remains of a syrinx was found in a specimen of the duck-like Vegavis iaai dated 6966million years ago, and this organ is unlikely to have existed in non-avian dinosaurs. Agnosphitys - a silesaurid dinosauromorph. A showman named Carl Hagenbeck wrote a book, called Beasts and Men, declaring that dinosaurs might still be alive in Africa. Several deinonychosaur and oviraptorosaur specimens have also been found preserved on top of their nests, likely brooding in a bird-like manner. They also contend that the causes of different mass extinctions should be assessed separately. [105], Less well-preserved remains of the sauropodomorphs Jaklapallisaurus and Nambalia, along with the early saurischian Alwalkeria, are known from the Upper Maleri and Lower Maleri Formations of India. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists. [313] Some estimates have placed the start of the second phase in the Deccan Traps eruptions within 50,000 years after the Chicxulub impact. [95] Both specimens yielded collagen protein sequences that were viable for molecular phylogenetic analyses, which grouped them with birds as would be expected. [154], The smallest dinosaur known is the bee hummingbird,[155] with a length of only 5 centimeters (2.0in) and mass of around 1.8g (0.063oz). [190] A specimen of the oviraptorid Citipati osmolskae was discovered in a chicken-like brooding position in 1993,[191] which may indicate that they had begun using an insulating layer of feathers to keep the eggs warm. You can't say there were dinosaurs when you never saw them. [63][64][60][207], One of the greatest contributions to the modern understanding of dinosaur physiology has been paleohistology, the study of microscopic tissue structure in dinosaurs. The fragment was sent to Robert Plot, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first curator of the Ashmolean Museum, who published a description in his The Natural History of Oxford-shire (1677). "The assembly of the avian body plan: a 160-million-year long process" (PDF). [271][272] In all, approximately 47% of genera and 76% of species on Earth became extinct during the K-Pg extinction event. That said, dinosaurs would have some advantages over mammal megafauna that would probably help them avoid being wiped out quite so easily. Dinosaurs are big and impressive megafauna. [275][276], Just before the K-Pg extinction event, the number of non-avian dinosaur species that existed globally has been estimated at between 628 and 1078. Dinosaurs are another recreation of history to promote the big bang evolution teaching. [125], The surviving lineages of neornithine birds, including the ancestors of modern ratites, ducks and chickens, and a variety of waterbirds, diversified rapidly at the beginning of the Paleogene period, entering ecological niches left vacant by the extinction of Mesozoic dinosaur groups such as the arboreal enantiornithines, aquatic hesperornithines, and even the larger terrestrial theropods (in the form of Gastornis, eogruiids, bathornithids, ratites, geranoidids, mihirungs, and "terror birds"). [24], In 2016, the estimated number of dinosaur species that existed in the Mesozoic was 1,5432,468. First, John Ostrom discovered the bird-like dromaeosaurid theropod Deinonychus and described it in 1969. Birds, at over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. However, because they either are common to other groups of archosaurs or were not present in all early dinosaurs, these features are not considered to be synapomorphies. [299][300] Soot aerosols are thought to have spread around the world over the ensuing months and years; they would have cooled the surface of the Earth by reflecting thermal radiation, and greatly slowed photosynthesis by blocking out sunlight, thus creating an impact winter. This clip is taken from the Joe Rogan Experience podcast #862 with Trevor Valle (https://youtu.be/w0tG7a2nn8A), also available for download via iTunes & Stit. Eric I love your vids man I really enjoy your work. [142], Scientists will probably never be certain of the largest and smallest dinosaurs to have ever existed. [264] This behavior, which may have helped to keep the head warm, is also characteristic of modern birds. Bones from several similar-sized individuals were incorporated into the skeleton now mounted and on display at the Museum fr Naturkunde in Berlin;[144] this mount is 12 meters (39ft) tall and 21.8 to 22.5 meters (72 to 74ft) long,[145][146] and would have belonged to an animal that weighed between 30000 and 60000kilograms (70000 and 130000lb). [157] For example, Anchiornis huxleyi is currently the smallest non-avialan dinosaur described from an adult specimen, with an estimated weight of 110g (3.9oz)[158] and a total skeletal length of 34 centimeters (1.12ft). However, the mobile cricoid-arytenoid joint and long arytenoid cartilages would have allowed for air-flow control similar to that of birds, and thus could have made bird-like vocalizations. The scientists conclude that three known species of Brontosaurus exist: Brontosaurus excelsus, the first discovered, as well as B. parvus and B. yahnahpin. His "no dinosaur skeleton has ever been found" is completely erroneous. [312] Since then, however, most researchers have adopted a more moderate position, which identifies the Chicxulub impact as the primary progenitor of the extinction while also recognizing that the Deccan Traps may also have played a role. [30], Collectively, dinosaurs as a clade are divided into two primary branches, Saurischia and Ornithischia. [13] Birds are classified as belonging to the subgroup Maniraptora, which are coelurosaurs, which are theropods, which are saurischians, which are dinosaurs. Complete nonsense) Another has his own YouTube Channel and say's that Yutyrannus and other feathered dinosaurs don't exist and are all made in China. By contrast, ornithischians"bird-hipped", from the Greek ornitheios () meaning "of a bird" and ischion () meaning "hip joint"had a pelvis that superficially resembled a bird's pelvis: the pubic bone was oriented caudally (rear-pointing). He published his findings in 1825. [234], The size and shape of the brain can be partly reconstructed based on the surrounding bones. These were later supplemented or replaced in Africa by large spinosaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, and rebbachisaurid and titanosaurian sauropods, also found in South America. Interpretations of behavior in fossil species are generally based on the pose of skeletons and their habitat, computer simulations of their biomechanics, and comparisons with modern animals in similar ecological niches. 2 3 Next. Areas of the skeleton with important similarities include the neck, pubis, wrist (semi-lunate carpal), arm and pectoral girdle, furcula (wishbone), and breast bone. [328], Public enthusiasm for dinosaurs first developed in Victorian England, where in 1854, three decades after the first scientific descriptions of dinosaur remains, a menagerie of lifelike dinosaur sculptures was unveiled in London's Crystal Palace Park. Any proper look at the facts will reveal that dinosaurs simply never existed. Conspiracy Theory Week: Dinosaurs Never Existed? It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops,[169] providing evidence that dinosaurs did indeed attack each other. [137], Current evidence suggests that dinosaur average size varied through the Triassic, Early Jurassic, Late Jurassic and Cretaceous. Certain fundamentalist Christians believe the Earth is ~5,000 years old so dinosaurs never existed (because they couldn't fit on the Ark) and the bones are actually from other, more familiar animals. The other groups mentioned are, like dinosaurs and pterosaurs, members of Sauropsida (the reptile and bird clade), except Dimetrodon (which is a synapsid). (Although fossils had been found before, their nature had not been correctly discerned.) In addition, vocal communication in dinosaurs is indicated by the development of advanced hearing in nearly all major groups. Elaborate display structures such as horns or crests are common to all dinosaur groups, and some extinct groups developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines. [121] Ankylosaurians and ornithopods were also becoming more common, but primitive sauropodomorphs had become extinct. Theropods were also radiating as herbivores or omnivores, with therizinosaurians and ornithomimosaurians becoming common. Finally, in Europe, dromaeosaurids, rhabdodontid iguanodontians, nodosaurid ankylosaurians, and titanosaurian sauropods were prevalent. First, there were dinosaurs. [21] As of 2008, over 30 new species of dinosaurs were named each year. It preserves portions of the intestines, colon, liver, muscles, and windpipe. [7][8][9] Since then, mounted fossil dinosaur skeletons have been major attractions at museums worldwide, and dinosaurs have become an enduring part of popular culture. We have an over 50% complete Allosaurus skeleton in our Creation Museum, dug out of the ground in northwestern Colorado. Humans and dinosaurs did not live at the same time; and a small . Tschopp and his colleagues Octvio . The longest complete dinosaur is the 27 meters (89ft) long Diplodocus, which was discovered in Wyoming in the United States and displayed in Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1907. Such vocalizations evolved independently in extant archosaurs numerous times, following increases in body size. Aegyptosaurus - Try and guess which country this dinosaur was found in. [90][94] Many fields of study contribute to our understanding of dinosaurs, including physics (especially biomechanics), chemistry, biology, and the Earth sciences (of which paleontology is a sub-discipline). Although some later groups of dinosaurs featured further modified versions of these traits, they are considered typical for Dinosauria; the earliest dinosaurs had them and passed them on to their descendants. Birds, at over 10,700 living species, are among the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Advertisement 2. None of them had the erect hind limb posture characteristic of true dinosaurs. 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