Nixon's visit played a role in leading to the September 1972 Japan-China Joint Communiqu. U.S. President Nixon shakes hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai at, important strategic and diplomatic overture, U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC, Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting, visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States, Visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States, "China and the United States: Nixon's Legacy after 40 Years", "Ulysses S. Grant: International Arbitrator (U.S. National Park Service)", "CHINA POWER Kissinger's Visit, 40 Years On", "Getting to Beijing: Henry Kissinger's Secret 1971 Trip", "Nixon In China Itinerary, Feb. 17 -28, 1972", "Nixon Asserts That Western Rightists Pleased Mao", "Nixon's China's Visit and "Sino-U.S. Joint Communiqu", "1972 Election - 1972 Year in Review - Audio - UPI.com", "Assignment: China The Week that Changed the World", "Memorandum of Conversation between Chou En-lai and Henry Kissinger", "EXCERPT OF MAO ZEDONG'S CONVERSATION WITH JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER KAKUEI TANAKA", "MAO ZEDONG, 'SETTLEMENT OF THE QUESTIONS OF RESTORATION OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN CHINA AND JAPAN STILL DEPENDS ON THE GOVERNMENT OF THE LIBERAL DEMOCRATIC PARTY', How Nixon's China Visit affected U.S. Inflation for 50 Years, "China State Dinners: President Jimmy Carter and President Richard Nixon talk with Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping of China", Nixon's Trip to China, including the President's recollections documented on White House tapes, Index of articles on Nixon's foreign policy, including China, Nixon's Trip to China: Records now Completely Declassified, Including Kissinger Intelligence Briefing and Assurances on Taiwan, Presidential transition of Dwight D. Eisenhower, Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act, 19471948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council, On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences, North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972, Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union, 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States, American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation, United States involvement in regime change, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Ambassadors of China to the United States, Ambassadors of the United States to China, Sino-American Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China, Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and the Republic of China, Joint Communiqu on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations, State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States, State visit by Xi Jinping to the United States, 2015 United StatesChina Cybersecurity Agreement, Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War, 1946 United States Air Force C-47 Crash at Yan'an, 1996 United States campaign finance controversy, United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Animal Science Products v. Hebei Welcome Pharmaceuticals, Concerns over Chinese involvement in 5G wireless networks, United States Department of Defense China Task Force, Alleged Chinese spy cases persecuted in the United States, Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (19371945), United StatesHong Kong Agreement for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders, United StatesChina Relations Act of 2000, Taiwan Allies International Protection and Enhancement Initiative Act, Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act, United States Innovation and Competition Act, United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission, U.S.China Strategic and Economic Dialogue, Anti-American sentiment in mainland China, Anti-Chinese sentiment in the United States, Air route authority between the United States and China, Committee for a Democratic Far Eastern Policy, Congressional-Executive Commission on China, Hua Yuan Science and Technology Association, United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party, Kissinger Institute on China and the United States, National Committee on United StatesChina Relations, Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction, Harvard Summit for Young Leaders in China, Stealth War: How China Took Over While America's Elite Slept. With the premiere of HBO's "White House Plumbers," the Watergate scandal is having yet another moment, 51 years after the original break-in that ultimately led to Richard Nixon's resignation. [22], The Chinese agreed to a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question. But the visit helped to achieve Nixons larger political goal of realigning the balance of power on the global stage. Some in the administration of former president Donald Trump even suggested that the communique be scrapped in a bid to seek closer ties with Taiwan. [28] The Beijing-Washington hotline was later created in 2007. Upon being introduced to Nixon for the first time, Mao, speaking through his translator, said to Nixon: "I believe our old friend Chiang Kai-shek would not approve of this". The Digital Archive also features materials on the diverse responses to Nixons visit from members of both the capitalist, communist, and non-aligned camps. The visitwasa visual spectacle for the US President, his entourage, and much of the rest of the world, which closely watched the American leaders travels inside the world's largest communist country. The media coverage of the trip was overwhelmingly positive. "This is useless: this is a typical diplomatic document that papers over differences. Nixon repeatedly tried to cast Kennedy as soft in his willingness to defend allies against communism. 1585 Massachusetts Ave. Also, a "Nixon to China" moment has since become a metaphor to refer to the ability of a politician with an unassailable reputation among their supporters for representing and defending their values to take actions that would draw their criticism and even opposition if taken by someone without those credentials. US President Richard Nixon and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai toast, February 25, 1972, Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum Itinerary of President Richard Nixon's historic trip to. A couple of weeks after Nixon returned home, the Taiwanese ambassador to the U.S. visited the White House. And Beijing is still trying to get its hands on Taiwan. The U.K., West Germany, Japan, and Australia quickly switched their diplomatic recognition in the months following the Nixon visit, even though the U.S. would not formally do so until 1979. There certainly is antipathy there, but in trying to understand its policy decisions, we shouldnt be ignoring either domestic considerations there or Chinas need to address certain challenges that all nations face. Resolving the Vietnam War was a particularly important factor. "But the United States never made clear what this meant, and the US has never subsequently clarified its formal position," commented Jerome Cohen, a law professor at New York University. The U.N. expulsion, the Nixon visit, and the severing of diplomatic ties by many countries afterwards catapulted Taiwan into a diplomatic isolation that is still ongoing. On 15 July 1971 at 19:00 local time, US President Richard Nixon walked into an NBC television studio in California and announced to the world that he had accepted an invitation from Premier Zhou . What was the backdrop? [citation needed], Nixon held many meetings with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai during the trip, and made visits to the Great Wall, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. Harvard Law Today: This is the 50th anniversary of Richard Nixons trip to China. While the visit was a public relations boon for both nations, Nixon and Kissinger failed to secure Chinas help in ending the war in Vietnam, and no real progress was made on the status of Taiwan. [29][30] In his discussion with Japanese PM Kakuei Tanaka, Mao Zedong recounted, "I told Nixon, 'I voted for you when you ran for President. The visit and subsequent normalization of relations with the West provided the ideological cover necessary for the economic reforms of the 1980s that launched China from a pariah state to the economic juggernaut that it is today. [6], One of the main reasons Richard Nixon became the 1952 vice-presidential candidate on the Dwight Eisenhower ticket was his strong anti-communist stance. SHELLEY RIGGER: The Taiwanese absolutely saw this process as a betrayal. National Security Council staffer (and later U.S. It has statues of Nixon and Zhou Enlai, a video documentary and artifacts, like a tin of panda cigarettes from a banquet. [8] Two decades before becoming president Herbert Hoover lived in China as a mining manager from 1899 to 1901,[9] being also somewhat proficient in Mandarin. Washington "acknowledged" the PRC's claim to the island - that "Taiwan is part of China" - and stated it "does not challenge" that claim. RUWITCH: Washington didn't agree to switch diplomatic relations right away, though. "[19][20], As an observer of the MaoNixon meeting, Lord noted Mao's peasant-like sensibilities and self-deprecating humor. So, the fact that Nixon, as president, would be willing to embark in outreach to Beijing came as a surprise. Nixon dubbed his visit "the week that changed the world", a descriptor that continues to echo in the political lexicon. If we scratch away the theatrics, The Week that Changed the World looks less momentous than many have portrayed it. On July 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon addressed the nation in a live televised broadcast to make an unexpected announcement: he had accepted an invitation from Beijing to become the first. When the Chinese Communist Party gained power over mainland China in 1949 and the Kuomintang retreated to the island of Taiwan after the de facto end of the Chinese Civil War, the United States continued to recognize the Republic of China (ROC) as the sole government of China, now based out of Taipei. A masterful account of one of the most dramatic moments in American diplomatic history, President Richard Nixon's visit to China in 1972. It'll have no credibility, because how can two nations that have hated each other and fought each other and been isolated from each other for 22 years, suddenly put a document out like this that suggests they're friends?" [26], Nixon's visit to China was well-planned. Nixon concluded the visit in the morning of February 28, when he left China on a flight to Anchorage, Alaska. Both men were aware of the historic significance of what they were doing, says Thomas, and they were both showmen in their own way.. She, by the way, remembers Nixons visit to her hometown of Hangzhou during which all but selected individuals were ordered to stay inside. "[6], Due to secrecy surrounding diplomatic negotiations during the visit and various media restrictions, American press in China often followed Pat Nixon's sightseeing. All rights reserved. How have US-China talks failed and succeeded in recent years? MARTIN: And it did. President Richard Nixon and his US entourage, along with Zhou Enlai and Jiang Qing, at a performance of "The Red Detachment of Women" in February 1972. But talk of Taiwan would have to wait. WU: On the Taiwan issue, the U.S. is trying to discover the geopolitical and geo-economic value of Taiwan, and play its card against China by putting Taiwan in the broader framework of U.S. Indo-Pacific project. Lets not forget his central role in the Red Scare rhetoric that essentially prevented other political figures from advocating for engagement with the PRC in a more tempered manner. On the morning of February 21, 1972, US President Richard Nixon landed in the Peoples Republic of China. So that's very important for China. Wu: No doubt the reversal of U.S. foreign policy toward the PRC in the 1970s will be seen as an important historical inflection point. This article originally appeared in the South China Morning Post (SCMP), the most authoritative voice reporting on China and Asia for more than a century. As defined by the Oxford University Press, a landmark is a notable structure or characteristic of a landscape that allows you to decipher the location you are in. Wu: The visit resulted in the issuance of the Shanghai Communiqu, which provided the pathway for the Carter administration to normalize relations with the Peoples Republic. Rather than seeking to answer why Nixon went to China, they instead focus onwhat the Chinese Communist Party wanted when it allowed Nixon to come to China. For two decades, my grandparents had been afraid to get in touch, lest it cause further harm to my uncles. The largest Buddha is over 55-feet tall, while the smallest is less than an inch tall. The History and Public Policy Programmakes public the primary source record of 20th and 21st century international history from repositories around the world, facilitates scholarship based on those records, and uses these materials to provide context for classroom, public, and policy debates on global affairs. But despite the intensity of the discussions, the Americans appeared to have failed to have "fully absorbed the centrality of Taiwan to PRC interests", according to the late US diplomat Alan Romberg, a leading expert on cross-strait relations. I fear no communique can paper over this existential competition.". A longtime contributor to HowStuffWorks, Dave has also been published in The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times and Newsweek. Are China, the rising power and the worlds second largest economy, and the United States, the dominant power in the world, likely to chart a perilous course toward the Thucydidess Trap? What is the meaning of Chinas rise? HLT: What was most significant about that trip? Modern thinkers widely misunderstand the contemporaneous significance of Nixon's 1972 trip to China. What is not well understood about it? RUWITCH: At the Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, Calif., there's a room covering the February 1972 China trip. The normalization of ties culminated in 1979, when the U.S. established full diplomatic relations with the PRC. And they're telling. At the time, Lord says, Beijing appeared to be happy with the arrangement. One of the deepest river canyons in the World, the spectacular Tiger Leaping Gorge is on the Jinsha River, a primary tributary of the upper Yangtse River, 60 kilometers north of Lijang City, Yunnan, in southwestern China. History alone does not provide direct answers to these critical questions. While on a diplomatic trip to Pakistan, Kissinger feigned a stomach illness that would keep him locked away in his hotel room for several days. Fifty years after Nixons history-making journey, Harvard Law Today turned to two China experts to understand its significance, both then and now. dialogue: President Nixon Visits China: The Week That Changed the World. Every country has its landmark tourist attractions, and China is no exception. The trip is consistently ranked by historians, scholars, and journalists as one of the most importantif not the most importantvisits by a U.S. president anywhere in the world. The closest the U.S. and China had come to diplomatic contact was 15 years earlier in 1954, when top officials from both nations attended the Geneva Convention to negotiate new political boundaries between North and South Korea, and North and South Vietnam. The US-China rapprochement, symbolized by Nixons visit, substantially altered the international balance of power and arguably concluded the Cold War in East Asia. The U.S. had diplomatic relations with the ruling Communist Party's arch enemy, the nationalists based in Taiwan. Part of Kissinger's mission was to hammer out the finer details of United States president Richard Nixon's historic trip to China that both sides had agreed to in July, including setting the date and discussing press coverage to convince the hostile public in the US to warm towards communist China. "It's instructive that the US and China were able to reach a modus vivendi in spite of political and ideological differences in 1972 and afterwards. SCMP China Series: 50 years since Nixon visited China. "Both would agree that Nixon's trip and US-China rapprochement was [the] result of a common threat, without which US-China relations are bound to change.". On the eve of the big day, Bloomberg spoke to Anthony Ledru . But he soon became preoccupied with seeking detente with the largely isolated communist regime and was more than eager to win personal credit for it. When US President Richard Nixon walked down the red-carpeted stairs from Air Force One to shake hands with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai on a cold day in Beijing on February 21, 1972, it was hailed. Instead, Zhou came up with a Chinese draft, with "the brilliant 'our side-your side' formula" as American diplomat Richard Holbrooke called it, in which each side stated its own position on areas of disagreement. And from Beijing's perspective, the U.S. is once again playing the spoiler. And at the end of it, he had this to say. In a coded cable sent back to the White House, Kissinger shared the good news with Nixon in one word: Eureka.. The fate of Taiwan was not addressed, and the issue still stalks U.S.-China relations. On July 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon addressed the nation in a live televised broadcast to make an unexpected announcement: he had accepted an invitation from Beijing to become the first U.S. president to visit the Peoples Republic of China, a Communist nation of 750 million that, next to the Soviet Union, was Americas fiercest adversary in the Cold War. Nixon did not shift the Wests policy toward Communist China; it was already happening. Over the course of a week, he met with Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong, negotiated with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, and toured historical and cultural institutions including the Great Wall, the Forbidden City, Shanghai, and Hangzhou. This meeting was arranged and facilitated by Pakistan through its strong diplomatic channels with China. Good Americans, Bad Americans, and the US-China Rapprochement. The Digital Archive also contains the record of a talk between Zhou Enlai and the U.S. table tennis team, an important stepping stone to the Nixon visit. You should at least consider visiting all of these seven tourist landmarks: the Great Wall on Mao Loyalty Ridge, the Forbidden City, the Terracotta Army, the best giant panda base, 20-Yuan Hill on the Li River, Mount Everest, and Dunhuang Mogao Caves.. Charles Kraus is the Deputy Director of the History and Public Policy Program at the Wilson Center. RUWITCH: The Soviet Union may be gone and the war in Vietnam long over. Kazushi Minami - Why did Mao Shake Hands with Nixon? What are its consequences? [3], Improved relations with the Soviet Union and the PRC are often cited as the most successful diplomatic achievements of Nixon's presidency. In a rare public acknowledgement of the warming relationship, the PRC invited the U.S. ping pong team to a series of exhibition games in Beijing in 1971, a cultural exchange that became known as ping-pong diplomacy., READ MORE:How Ping-Pong Diplomacy Thawed the Cold War. After a series of these overtures by both countries, Kissinger flew on secret diplomatic missions to Beijing in 1971, where he met with Chinese premier Zhou Enlai. There was spittoons, standing lamps. Nixons intention with his visit was to project goodwill and cooperation, and make it known to the world that the U.S. recognized a third superpower on the world stage, one that could be an important economic ally and a strategic foil in negotiations with the Soviets. But Nixon saw the China opening as essential to his re-election bid the following year and he decided Kissinger should go ahead with the trip as "we've got to make the big plays now". On February 22, 1972, the Peoples Daily printed a picture of Chairman Mao shaking hands with Richard Nixon. Ambassador to China) Winston Lord noted that, by flexibly dealing with both the Soviet Union and China, the United States sought to pressure both countries to reduce their support for North Vietnam in their new prioritization of relations with the United States. These China landmarks are recognized as some of the country's top attractions and can be seen on the six Chinese banknotes from 1 to 100. But from the Chinese perspective, Nixon's words were prophetic. China and the United States: Nixon's Legacy after 40 Years Jeffrey A. Bader Thursday, February 23, 2012 Forty years ago this week, Richard Nixon undertook his historic visit to China that. The communiqu also contained an acknowledgment that the U.S. does not challenge the view that there is only one China and that Taiwan is a part of China and therefore helped shape the policy of U.S. strategic ambiguity toward Taiwan that remains today. By the time of Nixons visit, Mao was ailing, and his succession plans, as set forth by the 1969 Party Congress, had fallen apart. His attacks on Jerry Voorhis and Helen Gahagan Douglas for being soft on communism were instrumental in his early electoral victories and, as Mark noted, he sought to deploy that same strategy against Kennedy in the 1960 presidential race. The biggest coup was Kissingers secret visit to Beijing in July 1971 to meet face-to-face with the Chinese leader Chou Enlai. At the conference, John Foster Dulles, then secretary of state under Dwight D. Eisenhower, had famously refused to shake hands with Zhou Enlai, the Chinese premier and lead negotiator. Yun Sun, a senior fellow at the Stimson Centre in Washington, said the lessons for Beijing and Washington from Nixon's visit and creating the joint statement were quite different. Mark Wu: On July 15, 1971, President Nixon shocked the world by announcing that he was planning to visit the PRC the next year. The second collection, Sino-American Cooperation, 1972-1989," details the new, cooperative phase in relations that followed Nixons visit in 1972 and lasted until the brutal crackdowns on Chinas pro-democracy movement in 1989. It's been 50 years since President Nixon went to China, a trip that changed the world's balance of power. In the five decades since, Taiwan has remained separate from the mainland. What has the Nixon visit meant to you? In fact, Nixon was scheduled to travel to meet Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev shortly after completing his visit to China. But its fate is as unresolved as ever. Fifty years after the Nixon-Mao summit, it is time to put to rest the myth that Nixon alone could pursue rapprochement with China; other American politicians advocated engagementand were even invited to China before Nixon. LOPEZ: Yeah. No. From the moment U.S. President Richard Nixon landed in China on February 21, 1972, he understood that global politics would undergo a transformation that would last well into the 21st century. Many scholars have also emphasized that the Nixon visit, despites its immense international ramifications, did not change US-China relations overnight. Fifty years ago today, President Nixon landed in Beijing for the historic weeklong trip that effectively ended the United States' long isolation from the People's . For more SCMP stories, please explore the SCMP app or visit the SCMP's Facebook and Twitter pages. "This sets it on a collision course with the US, especially as China aims to become the prominent, if not dominant, power. Aside from wining and dining, the two sat downseveral times to exchange views on a host of international problems from the Vietnam War to the Soviet Union to the status of Taiwan. His doctors weren't sure he could do this meeting. From February 21 to 28, 1972, U.S. President Richard Nixon traveled to Beijing, Hangzhou, and Shanghai. [citation needed], Max Frankel of The New York Times received the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting for his coverage of the event.[25]. [13] For this ambitious goal to be reached President Nixon had carried out a series of carefully calibrated moves through Communist China's allies Romania and Pakistan. [citation needed], Within a year after Nixon's visit, a number of U.S. allies including Japan, Great Britain, and West Germany had broken relations with Taiwan in order to establish them with China. Kissinger and his assistant Winston Lord were also present. In many ways, he was right. HLT: Why was the trip, and the agreement coming out of it, significant? HLT: What have been the implications of that trip for Taiwan? It was recorded on the Nixon tapes. "It was unprecedented, and probably the most meaningful part in the communique. President Richard Nixon and his wife traveled in a landmark visit to the People's Republic of China in February 1972. Before his election as president in 1968, former Vice President Richard Nixon hinted at establishing a new relationship with the PRC. However, the goal was itself flawed in that it left the issue of Taiwan unresolved, not least because it was not a burning issue to be resolved at the time for either side. MacMillan provides vivid thumbnail biographies of the four major players in the drama of that weeklong visit, Nixon, Mao, Henry Kissinger and Chou En-lai, each a fascinating character in his own right. JOHN RUWITCH, BYLINE: Shortly after landing in Beijing, as the first U.S. president to set foot in China for more than two decades, Nixon was summoned. Soon after Nixon settled into his hotel, he was told that Mao Zedong, the aging chairman of the Communist revolution wanted to meet with him. Mao, even then, was quite frail. Zhou Yi - Less Revolution, More Realpolitik: Chinas Foreign Policy in the Early and Middle 1970s. Great Hall of the People, Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Key materials from February 1972 include the verbatim records and agreements of US-China bilateral exchanges, including: Memorandum of Conversation between Chairman Mao Zedong and President Richard Nixon, February 21, 1972, Memorandum of Conversation between Richard Nixon and Zhou Enlai, February 22, 1972, Joint Communiqu of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China (Shanghai Communiqu), February 27, 1972, Although declassified Chinese language records from the February 1972 are generally lacking (the Chinese Foreign Ministry Archives never released any materials dated later than 1966), the Digital Archive does feature a number of sources from before and after the visit. Yes, China was still experiencing the turmoil of the latter years of the Cultural Revolution, but lets not forget that the PRC had its own agenda which it used the visit to help advance. When Kissinger presented the first draft communique to Zhou, it was rejected immediately after the Chinese premier checked with Mao. Mark Wu is the Henry L. Stimson Professor of Law. Rigger also said that of the three China-US communiques, the Shanghai Communique was the most important. The 1972 visit by United States President Richard Nixon to the People's Republic of China was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's resumption of harmonious relations between the United States (U.S.) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) after years of diplomatic isolation. Kissinger and his assistant Winston Lord were also present. Some commentators are now reflecting on the decisions made by Nixon in 1972 and whether the decision to embrace China was a sound strategic . But the meeting failed to address one major issue, one that's become an even more pressing issue today. How could Mao pull off such a stunt after two decades of intense anti-US propaganda? The media presented Nixon communicating with Chinese government officials, attending dinners, and being accorded tours with other people of influence. On February 21, 1972, Richard Nixon became the first sitting United States president to set foot in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC). The negotiations over the communique went for months, finishing when Nixon's week-long China visit had almost drawn to a close and ultimately boiling down to semantics, especially in relation to Taiwan. Former Embassy of Taiwan, Washington, D.C. Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Houston, Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office in the United States, Former Ambassador of the United States to China, American Institute in Taiwan Kaohsiung Branch Office, Former Embassy of the United States in Taipei, July 2002 state visit to the United States, Taiwan Relations Act Affirmation and Naval Vessel Transfer Act of 2014, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China&oldid=1144251046, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 March 2023, at 17:52. 81, who had been a classmate, about times when ambiguity may be preferable to clarity. The pair and their aides worked hard and spent more than 11 hours negotiating through seven drafts of the communique. Awhirlwind tour through three of Chinas major cities brought Nixon to several famed historical sites and cultural performances (including a revolutionary ballet), andface-to-face with many senior Chinese leaders.
What Is A Shrew Worth In Adopt Me 2022,
University Of Humanistic Studies San Diego, Ca,
Wigan Warriors Players Salary,
Articles N