Open Net Initiative (2014)"Internet censorship and surveillance are growing global phenomena. Some chose to have their names connected to their answers; others opted to respond anonymously. Scott Shamp, a dean at Florida State University, commented, Too many groups gain power through the proliferation of inaccurate or misleading information. Related Groups, Organizations, Affiliates & Chapters, ALA Upcoming Annual Conferences & LibLearnX, Holding Space: A national conversation series with libraries, Technology Access and Assistive Technology, ALA and Affiliate Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Statements, Cultural Programming to Promote Diversity, Hateful Conduct in Libraries: Supporting Library Workers and Patrons, Libraries Respond: Combating Xenophobia and Fake News in light of COVID-19, Libraries Respond: Cyber-bullying and Doxxing, Libraries Respond: Immigrants, Refugees, and Asylum Seekers, Libraries Respond: National Day of Healing, Libraries Respond: Protecting and Supporting Transgender Staff and Patrons, Library Services for Patrons with Alzheimer's/Dementia, Library Services to the Incarcerated and Detained, ALA Statement on Censorship of Information Addressing Racial Injustice, Black American History, and Diversity Education, Poll: Voters Oppose Book Bans in Libraries, Interpretations of the Library Bill of Rights, Intellectual Freedom and Censorship Q & A, Meeting Rooms, Exhibit Spaces, and Programs, 3-D Printing in Libraries: Policies and Best Practices, American Association of School Librarians (AASL), Assn. D) A majority of incongruent items leading to a decreased Stroop effect. When the president of the U.S. frequently attacks the traditional media and anybody who does not agree with his alternative facts, it is not good news for an uptick in reliable and trustworthy facts circulating in social media., Nigel Cameron, a technology and futures editor and president of the Center for Policy on Emerging Technologies, said, Human nature is not EVER going to change (though it may, of course, be manipulated). "The negative effects of content filters on Internet access in public libraries and schools are demonstrable and documented. Medium conflict leads to high performance. Which of the following would provide evidence against Broadbent's theory of attention? If readers do not change or improve their ability to seek out and identify reliable information sources, the information environment will not improve., Ella Taylor-Smith, senior research fellow at the School of Computing at Edinburgh Napier University, noted, As more people become more educated, especially as digital literacy becomes a popular and respected skill, people will favour (and even produce) better quality information., Constance Kampf, a researcher in computer science and mathematics, said, The answer depends on socio-technical design these trends of misinformation versus verifiable information were already present before the internet, and they are currently being amplified. Content filtering is used by corporations as part of Internet firewall computers and also by home . IMPORTANT: When " is any of " condition is . Its how people choose to react and access to information and news thats important, not the mechanisms that distribute them., Charlie Firestone, executive director at the Aspen Institute Communications and Society Program, commented, In the future, tagging, labeling, peer recommendations, new literacies (media, digital) and similar methods will enable people to sift through information better to find and rely on factual information. Last change saved 4 minutes ago. Connie is at a club talking with her boyfriend Cody, when her attention is suddenly directed to someone yelling out the name Adam. As a result, there are strong economic forces incentivizing the creation and spread of fake news. Second, information related to the product's known as an item vector. Unless significant measures are taken in the present and unless all the companies in our digital information ecosystem use strategic foresight to map out the future I dont see how fake news could possibly be reduced by 2027., Ian Peter, internet pioneer, historian and activist, observed, It is not in the interests of either the media or the internet giants who propagate information, nor of governments, to create a climate in which information cannot be manipulated for political, social or economic gain. . The staff of the Office for Intellectual Freedom is available to answer questions or provide assistance to librarians, trustees, educators and the public about internet filtering. Many respondents agree that misinformation will persist as the online realm expands and more people are connected in more ways. Governor Mifflin School District And Filtering Of LGBT Online Content, Franks v. Metropolitan Board of Public Education. I agree. Consequently, consistent with previous resolutions, the American Library Association cannot recommend filtering. This data is represented by the user vector. To get to the SQL statements, I simply scroll down on the ABAP Statistics Record Screen to the SQL Statements section. Even if there are more positive aspects than negative in a situation or person,. During the discussion on the item. Tom Rosenstiel, When BBC Future Now interviewed a panel of 50 experts in early 2017 about the grand challenges we face in the 21st century many named the breakdown of trusted information sources. Counter-forces are already emerging. But governments, users and society are being too quick to turn all of the responsibility over to internet platforms. Sarah Houghton and the San Jos Public Library, The Effectiveness of Internet Content Filters (2008) Information provided by the ALA Advocacy and Public Policy Office. They will only continue the centralization of power in a small number of companies that control the flow of information.. A professor at a major U.S. university replied, Surveillance technologies and financial incentives will generate greater surveillance. A retired university professor predicted, Increased censorship and mass surveillance will tend to create official truths in various parts of the world. Many respondents who hope for improvement in the information environment mentioned ways in which new technological solutions might be implemented. Teaching judgment has always been the solution, and it always will be. A) Target detection is faster in the cued location through the use of automatic processing. They also believe better information literacy among citizens will enable people to judge the veracity of material content and eventually raise the tone of discourse. Being banned from social media is one obvious one. and Jill are experiencing what communication barrier. On June 26, 1997, the United States Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union, 521 U.S. 844 (1997), issued a sweeping reaffirmation of core First Amendment principles and held that communications over the Internet deserve the highest level of Constitutional protection. people tend to seek information that aligns with their views. This section features responses by several of the top analysts who participated in this canvassing. Martin is the financial director of a small business. C) The early selection filter because it allows higher-order information to be processed even if physically irrelevant. Many of those who expect the information environment to improve anticipate that information literacy training and other forms of assistance will help people become more sophisticated consumers. Like all resources and services provided by the library, provision of access to digital resources and services should follow the principles outlined in the Library Bill of Rights to ensure equitable access regardless of content or platform. Which of the following statements is true of attention and selection? When the television became popular, people also believed everything on TV was true. Still, the more hopeful among these experts argue that progress is inevitable as people and organizations find coping mechanisms. b.Consensus, Which of the following statements regarding the relationship between conflict and performance is true? A large number of respondents said the interests of the most highly motivated actors, including those in the worlds of business and politics, are generally not motivated to fix the proliferation of misinformation. Federal (and perhaps even international) guidelines would be useful. D) When the majority of font words are scripted in a different font, Aadil will identify the incongruent fonts quickly. Attention Flashcards | Quizlet D) The Dichotic listening paradigm. Miscommunication is annoying, but not dangerous. Without a framework for regulation, I cant imagine penalties.. These resources are provided for those interested in learning more about the operation and effectiveness of filtering software. Content-based filtering is defined as a type of recommender system that attempts to guess what a user may like based on that user's activity. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a long-standing treatment choice for disorders such as depression when pharmacological treatments have failed. Filters and algorithms will improve to both verify raw data, separate overlays and to correct for a feedback loop., Semantic technologies will be able to cross-verify statements, much like meta-analysis., The credibility history of each individual will be used to filter incoming information., The veracity of information will be linked to how much the source is perceived as trustworthy we may, for instance, develop a trust index and trust will become more easily verified using artificial-intelligence-driven technologies., The work being done on things like verifiable identity and information sharing through loose federation will improve things somewhat (but not completely). Following this wide-ranging set of comments is a much more expansive set of quotations directly tied to the five primary themes identified in this report. A) The colours of words cannot be ignored. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Several other respondents also cited this as a major flaw of this potential remedy. We are now seeing the downsides of that transformation, with bad actors manipulating the new freedoms for antisocial purposes, but techniques for managing and mitigating those harms will improve, creating potential for freer, but well-governed, information environments in the 2020s., Jonathan Grudin, principal design researcher at Microsoft, said, We were in this position before, when printing presses broke the existing system of information management. Filters and Filtering | Advocacy, Legislation & Issues Irene Wu, Frank Kaufmann, founder and director of several international projects for peace activism and media and information, commented, The quality of news will improve, because things always improve. And Barry Wellman, virtual communities expert and co-director of the NetLab Network, said, Software and people are becoming more sophisticated., One hopeful respondent said a change in economic incentives can bring about desired change. Solved Which one of the following statements about Filtering | Chegg.com Communication is only important if you are an upper-level manager. 10. Theyll be part of the immune system. (YALSA), Information Technology & Telecommunication Services, Office for Diversity, Literacy, and Outreach Services (ODLOS), Office for Human Resource Development and Recruitment (HRDR), Ethnic & Multicultural Information Exchange RT (EMIERT), Graphic Novels & Comics Round Table (GNCRT), Social Responsibilities Round Table (SRRT), 225 N Michigan Ave, Suite 1300 Chicago, IL 60601 | 1.800.545.2433, Intellectual Freedom: Issues and Resources, Internet Filtering: An Interpretation of the, Minors and Online Activity: An Interpretation of the, Access to Digital Resources and Services: An Interpretation of the, Resolution on Opposition to Federally Mandated Internet Filtering, Statement on Library Use of Filtering Software, Guidelines to Minimize the Negative Effects of Internet Content Filters on Intellectual Freedom, Fencing Out Knowledge:Impacts of the Children's Internet Protection Act 10 Years Later, Minors' First Amendment Rights: CIPA and School Libraries, Why Filters Won't Protect Children or Adults, Lester Asheim in Cyberspace: A Tribute to Sound Reasoning, Do You See What I See? This will use a combination of organizational and technological tools but above all, will require a sharpened sense of good judgment and access to diverse, including rivalrous, sources. I also dont believe there will be a solution to the anonymity problem in the near future., Scott Spangler, principal data scientist at IBM Watson Health, said technologies now exist that make fake information almost impossible to discern and flag, filter or block. ", Electronic Frontier Foundation People tend to filter downward communication more than upward communication. Two rows in a cell range can be sorted independently. Even among highly intelligent people, there is a significant growth in personal specialization in order to trim the boundaries of expected expertise to manageable levels. They said certain actors in government, business and other individuals with propaganda agendas are highly driven to make technology work in their favor in the spread of misinformation, and there will continue to be more of them. For instance, Christian H. Huitema, former president of the Internet Architecture Board, commented, The quality of information will not improve in the coming years, because technology cant improve human nature all that much.. If a news story reaffirms what we already believe, its credible but if it rails against our beliefs, its fake. If an article bursts into collective consciousness and is later proven to be fake, the sites that control or host that content could refuse to distribute advertising revenue to the entity that created or published it. Content-based filtering. Her boss suggests MBTI. By Heins, M., Cho, C. and Feldman, A., Sorting is selective viewing of data, and Filtering is rearranging the data. In this scenario, what part of the communication process does the voicemail, If students try to go online to view the syllabus and the universitys computer system keeps shutting down on them. () Listen RESPONSE BOARD Do you agree that Bernie Ebbers's lack of conflict-management skills was a contributing factor in the fall of WorldCom? Which of the following is true of the Stroop Effect? Which of the following statements about filtering information is accurate? Several longer additional sets of responses tied to these themes follow that summary. In addition, there will be a reaction to the prevalence of false information so that people are more willing to act to assure their information will be accurate., Howard Rheingold, pioneer researcher of virtual communities, longtime professor and author of Net Smart: How to Thrive Online, noted, As I wrote in Net Smart in 2012, some combination of education, algorithmic and social systems can help improve the signal-to-noise ratio online with the caveat that misinformation/disinformation versus verified information is likely to be a continuing arms race. Which of the following would result in the fastest visual search time amongst an array consisting of green and red B's and green, blue, and red D's? A number of these respondents said information platform corporations such as Google and Facebook will begin to efficiently police the environment through various technological enhancements. Which of the following is true about filters in Microsoft Excel databases? Filtering is communicating only some of the available information in order to manage the listener's reactions. Who holds them accountable for the decisions they make on behalf of all of us? Use the key terms from Chapter 2 to complete the following sentence: Its not that the environment will get better, its that those younger will be better fitted to survive it., Danny Rogers, founder and CEO of Terbium Labs, replied, Things always improve. Practice all cards. Regulatory options may include unbundling social networks like Facebook into smaller entities. A) It assumes attended information is enhanced, while unattended information is not. How has economic globalization positively influenced world politics? exam 2 possibly. For the environment to improve, we need substantial improvements in education systems across the world in relation to critical thinking, social literacy, information literacy, and cyberliteracy (see Laura Guraks book Cyberliteracy)., Su Sonia Herring, an editor and translator, commented, Misinformation and fake news will exist as long as humans do; they have existed ever since language was invented. Many respondents noted that while the digital age has amplified countless information sources it has hurt the reach and influence of the traditional news organizations. Technological advancements and civil-awareness efforts will yield varied ways to continuously purge misinformation from it, to keep it reasonably reliable., An author and journalist based in North America said, I believe this era could spawn a new one a flight to quality in which time-starved citizens place high value on verified news sources., A professor of law at a major U.S. state university commented, Things wont get better until we realize that accurate news and information are a public good that require not-for-profit leadership and public subsidy., Marc Rotenberg, president of the Electronic Privacy Information Center, wrote, The problem with online news is structural: There are too few gatekeepers, and the internet business model does not sustain quality journalism. Recorded: September 15, 2016, Championing Internet Access for Students on Banned Websites Awareness Day. Theres no technical solution for designing a system that prevents people from asserting that Obama is a Muslim but allows them to assert that Jesus loves you., Amy Webb, author and founder of the Future Today Institute, wrote, In an era of social, democratized media, weve adopted a strange attitude. When you query table information, you can filter records with the WHERE clause to extract only those records that fulfill a specific expression. Young people are growing into a world where those skills are not being taught., Julia Koller, a learning solutions lead developer, replied, Information is only as reliable as the people who are receiving it. They are happy hearing what confirms their views. This does not mean that all people will subscribe to either scientific or journalistic method (or both), but they will gravitate toward material the sources and institutions they find trustworthy, and those institutions will, themselves, demand methods of verification beyond those they use today., A retired public official and internet pioneer predicted, 1) Education for veracity will become an indispensable element of secondary school. The Future of Truth and Misinformation Online Filtering is communicating only some of the available information in order to manage the listener's reactions . There will be a sort of gold standard set of sources, and there will be the fringe. By Bob Bocher with the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction, Library Internet Filtering Update (2012) Do we know where that might eventually lead? . Jonathan Grudin, Mark Bunting, visiting academic at Oxford Internet Institute, a senior digital strategy and public policy advisor with 16 years of experience at the BBC and as a digital consultant, wrote, Our information environment has been immeasurably improved by the democratisation of the means of publication since the creation of the web nearly 25 years ago. Which of these statements regarding communication within an organization is true? The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause: SELECT column1, column2, . The rights of minors to retrieve, interact with, and create information posted on the Internet in schools and libraries are extensions of their First Amendment rights. Filtering can be applied to rows but not columns. Which of the following process helps in Image enhancement? Furthermore, information is a source of power and thus a source of contemporary warfare., Peter Lunenfeld, a professor at UCLA, commented, For the foreseeable future, the economics of networks and the networks of economics are going to privilege the dissemination of unvetted, unverified and often weaponized information. Of course, the definition of true is sometimes murky. A share of these respondents urged action in two areas: A bolstering of the public-serving press and an expansive, comprehensive, ongoing information literacy education effort for people of all ages. Jack. Perhaps people can even install filters so that, when theyre doing searches, hits that dont meet a certain trust threshold will not appear on the list., A longtime U.S. government researcher and administrator in communications and technology sciences said, The intelligence, defense and related U.S. agencies are very actively working on this problem and results are promising., Amber Case, research fellow at Harvard Universitys Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, suggested withholding ad revenue until veracity has been established. Trust in America: Do Americans trust the news media? The crisis we face about truth and reliable facts is predicated less on the ability to get people to believe the *wrong* thing as it is on the ability to get people to *doubt* the right thing. She wrote, Right now, there is an incentive to spread fake news. A) Individuals report hearing a female speaker in the unattended channel but cannot recall the phrase that they were repeating. Sonia Livingstone, professor of social psychology at the London School of Economics and Political Science, replied, The wild west state of the internet will not be permitted to continue by those with power, as we are already seeing with increased national pressure on providers/companies by a range of means from law and regulation to moral and consumer pressures., Willie Currie, a longtime expert in global communications diffusion, wrote, The apparent success of fake news on platforms like Facebook will have to be dealt with on a regulatory basis as it is clear that technically minded people will only look for technical fixes and may have incentives not to look very hard, so self-regulation is unlikely to succeed. B) Dual filter model Featured Speakers: Doug Archer, Bob Bocher, Deborah Caldwell-Stone, Jamie LaRue, Michael Robinson B) If 25% of items are congruent, the participant will more quickly identify an incongruent item than another person whose task involves 75% congruency. There are always potential compromises when our communication networks are based on human-coded technology and hardware; this [is] less the case with analog-first, digital-second systems., A professor of media and communication based in Europe said, Right now, reliable and trusted verification systems are not yet available; they may become technically available in the future but the arms race between corporations and hackers is never ending. One potential remedy these respondents suggested is a massive compulsory crusade to educate all in digital-age information literacy. They expect well-meaning actors will work together to find ways to enhance the information environment. a) Digital Image Processing However, the ALA recognizes that local libraries and schools are governed by local decision makers and local considerations and often must rely on federal or state funding for computers and internet access. We will probably have to evolve both new social norms as well as regulatory mechanisms if we want to maintain online environment as a source of information that many people can rely on., Stowe Boyd, futurist, publisher and editor-in-chief of Work Futures, said, The rapid rise of AI will lead to a Cambrian explosion of techniques to monitor the web and non-web media sources and social networks and rapidly identifying and tagging fake and misleading content., Jeff Jarvis, professor at the City University of New Yorks Graduate School of Journalism, commented, Reasons for hope: Much attention is being directed at manipulation and disinformation; the platforms may begin to recognize and favor quality; and we are still at the early stage of negotiating norms and mores around responsible civil conversation. The respondents who supported this view noted that peoples actions from consciously malevolent and power-seeking behaviors to seemingly more benign acts undertaken for comfort or convenience will work to undermine a healthy information environment. Filtering can be applied to rows but not columns. It will again involve information channeling more than misinformation suppression; contradictory claims have always existed in print, but have been manageable and often healthy., Judith Donath,fellow at Harvard Universitys Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society and founder of the Sociable Media Group at the MIT Media Lab, wrote, Fake news is not new. Which one of the following statements about Filtering and Sorting is true? afterward, Martin kept focusing on the cost of producing and marketing that product. Amber Case, Laurel Felt, lecturer at the University of Southern California, There will be mechanisms for flagging suspicious content and providers and then apps and plugins for people to see the trust rating for a piece of content, an outlet or even an IP address. exam 2 possibly Flashcards | Chegg.com A) A black D. So the responsibility is with the person who is seeking the news and trying to get information on what is going on. Theres also the issue of subtle nuances or differences of opinion or interpretation. Their purpose is to raise fears that serve their agendas, create or deepen silos and echo chambers, divide people and set them upon each other, and paralyze or confuse public understanding of the political, social and economic landscape. unclear because of which communication issue? B) The late selection filter because it allows for higher-order information to be processed even if physically irrelevant. Which of the following highlights the relevance of contextual cuing? C. Filters make it easier to find specific information in a large database. I suspect this will play out differently in different parts of the world., Clay Shirky, vice provost for educational technology at New York University, replied, News is not a stable category it is a social bargain. "EFF defends the Internet as a platform for free speech, and believes that when you go online, your rights should come with you. Yes, sometimes innovation leads to abuses, but further innovation tends to solve those problems., Consumers have risen up in the past to block the bullshit, fake ads, fake investment scams, etc., and they will again with regard to fake news., As we understand more about digital misinformation we will design better tools, policies and opportunities for collective action., Now that it is on the agenda, smart researchers and technologists will develop solutions., The increased awareness of the issue will lead to/force new solutions and regulation that will improve the situation in the long-term even if there are bound to be missteps such as flawed regulation and solutions along the way.. People tend to filter downward communication more than upward communication. D) Filtering enables a user to examine and analyze a subset of records. A professor at a Washington, D.C.-area university said, It is nearly impossible to implement solutions at scale the attack surface is too large to be defended successfully., Jerry Michalski, futurist and founder of REX, replied, The trustworthiness of our information environment will decrease over the next decade because: 1) It is inexpensive and easy for bad actors to act badly; 2) Potential technical solutions based on strong ID and public voting (for example) wont quite solve the problem; and 3) real solutions based on actual trusted relationships will take time to evolve likely more than a decade., It is nearly impossible to implement solutions at scale the attack surface is too large to be defended successfully. More specifically, the 51% of these experts who expect things will not improve generally cited two reasons: The fake news ecosystem preys on some of our deepest human instincts: Respondents said humans primal quest for success and power their survival instinct will continue to degrade the online information environment in the next decade. We understand online and offline are different modalities of real life. Question options: Provides Clarity Creates Commitment Builds Relationships Defines Roles. Last change saved 4 minutes ago. Controlling the spread of misinformation If there is a great amount of pressure from the industry to solve this problem (which there is), then methodologies will be developed and progress will be made to help mitigate this issue in the long run. We need more individuals who take responsibility for getting reliable sources., 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Which of the following uses top-down processing to best explain Connie's sudden shift in attention? About; British Mark; Publication; Awards; Nominate; Sponsorship; Contact Chicago, IL:American Libraries Live. Those trying to stop the spread of false information are working to design technical and human systems that can weed it out and minimize the ways in which bots and other schemes spread lies and misinformation.
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